A Spectrum Through Time; the Museum of Moving Image Essay...

A Spectrum Through Time; The Museum of Moving Image Museum of the Moving Image is the countrys only museum dedicated to the art, history, technique, and technology of the moving image in all its forms. It is one-of-a-kind destination for audiences of all ages and interests, from connoisseurs of classic cinema to children and families to avid gamers. The Museum is located the state of New York in Astoria Queens and has a collection of approximately 130,000 artifacts relating to the art, history and technology of the moving image. The collection is the largest and most extensive in the United States, and is considered one of the most important collections of its kind in the world. Soon as one steps into the building the whiteness of†¦show more content†¦The first three we had looked at was the Phenakistoscope, Praxinoscope and the Thaumatrope. Viktor demonstrated all three methods which was fascinating. These popular devices were inspired in the nineteenth century by Peter Mark Roget’s theory of visual persistence, which held that our eyes retain an image for a fraction of a second, permitting a series of still images to become â€Å"fused† as a moving image. Another way to break down movements into a series of still pictures is a so called â€Å"video flipbook†. A flipbook is the simplest way of making a sequence of still pictures appears to move. The intervals of darkness necessary for the illusion of motion are provided by the turn, or flip of each page. The nineteenth-century photographic experiments of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey broke down the movements of animals into a series of still pictures. When displayed in rapid succession, these pictures appear to be moving, recreating the original motion that the images document. Moving further in the exhibition, we looked at Brooklyn-based artist Gregory Barsamian’s kinetic sculptures animate three-dimensional objects in real time. He called it †Feral Fount† which is a physical representation of a dream he had in which drops of water from his kitchen faucet transformed into a bomb, and then a paper airplane before crashing into his dishpan. The artwork is a stroboscopic zoetrope made up ofShow MoreRelatedHolography Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe word holos, meaning whole, and gramma, meaning message. Gabor characterized his work as an experiment in serendipity that was begun too soon. The next decade brought about frustration in Holography because light sources available at the time were not coherent. In 1960 a breakthrough came forth. The invention of the laser had pure and intense light that was well suited for the making of holograms. 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A Good Man Is Hard And Find By Flannery O Connor And...

The two stories I chose were A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these stories have characters who acknowledge their lives changed by taking a risk on evil. The main characters, Goodman Brown and the Grandmother, believe they are good Christians who will receive glorious rewards when they pass. While Hawthorne analyzes the Puritan/Calvinistic beliefs that are confusing and harsh, Goodman can t find restitution. O Connor allows her character the opportunity for poise to regain herself. In the beginning, however, both Goodman Brown and the grandmother set ahead on their trips convinced that they are honest people. Brown s attempts on an adventure into the forest, telling his wife Faith he must go just one more time; even though his wife Faith pleads with him to stay. For he feels he must meet evil and test himself so he can come back with insight knowing that he is, actually, saved. Brown represents humans confronted with the temptation or trying to satisfy their curiosity. After traveling through the forest, Brown is unable to return to the life he once knew. He became a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man...from the night of that fearful dream (273). In the end Brown loses his wife Faith, and his religious faith. The grandmother is a judgmental, egotistical person who is absolutely unaware of her own flaws until shes faced with death. The evil road taken byShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel O Connor1815 Words   |  8 Pageschose was Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor. Both of these stories have characters who acknowledge their lives to be changed by the risk of evil. The main characters, Goodman Brown and the grandmother, believe that they are good Christians who will obtain glorious rewards when they pass. While Hawthorne analyzes the Puritanical/Calvinist ic beliefes that have harsh, although confused ones, limit with which Goodman can t find restitutionRead MoreSummary Of Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe two short stories Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor both have characters who allow their lives to be altered by the threat of evil. A detour taken by the family in A Good Man is Hard to Find wreaks havoc, while the wrong path taken by Young Goodman Brown leads him to despair. Although Brown, The Misfit, and the Grandmother have different attitudes and take different approaches to evil, all characters eventually go astray andRead More`` A Good Man Is Hard, And `` Young Goodman Brown ``1162 Words   |  5 PagesEvil in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† The short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O Connor and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne both include characters who are greatly affected by the battle between good and evil. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† tells the story of a family s seemingly normal car trip turning in a tragedy of blood shed after they come face to face with evil himself in the form of The Misfit, a violent killer who has escaped fromRead MoreEvil In Young Goodman Brown And A Good Man Is Hard To Find.1155 Words   |  5 PagesEvil in Young Goodman Brown and A Good Man is Hard to Find The short stories, A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, introduce into each of their stories characters impacted by malefic. A path deviation undertaken by the family in A Good Man is hard to find leads to a perilous end. On the other hand, the road that takes Brown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown leads him into an endless misfortune. With different traits and attitudes of the other

Customer Survey Data In A Gym

Questions: 1.Reviewing academic source(s) or website(s) relevant to the survey of gym customers. 2.Include at least one bivariate analysis that shows the relationship between two variables. 3.Make a proposed changed based on your review of academic sources and bivariate analysis.4.Analyze the survey data related to the proposed change.5.Discuss the abuses of statistics..6.Discuss the limitations of quantitative research. Answers: Introduction: The report is meant for analyzing the survey done in a gym. The gym has proposed a new change for its customers. One of the main objectives of the report is to find out the proportion of people who supports the change. The proportion of people supporting the change could be analyzed using some inferential statistics techniques such as testing of hypothesis and confidence interval. The data has also been collected for other variables like the gender of the person visiting the gym, the physical factors such as height, weight, country where the people resides, age of the persons, the reason of the person for going to the gym, the reason for going to the gym and others. The data has also been collected for the number of times the person goes to the gym, the number of times spent for different exercises in the gym. The analysis of these variables will help to understand the choice and preferences of the customers visiting the gym. The analysis will give an idea about the choices of the cu stomers going to the gym. 1.According to Yee, Yeung Ma (2013), the customer satisfaction in a fitness industry is driven by the service environment, the psychological factors and the physical environment found in the gym. The interaction among these factors is also responsible for the rate of customer satisfaction. The fitness industry should employ well trained, knowledgeable and customer oriented employees in the gym. This would drive the customer satisfaction in the gym. According to Hsueh Su (2013), the customer satisfaction rate is moderate in relation to the service provided by the fitness centers in south Taiwan. The satisfaction rate among the customers varied with the monthly income, occupation, education level and other demographic factors of the customers. 2.The Body mass index is dependent on the type of exercise performed by the individual. The body mass index is a numerical variable. The number of minutes spends for doing cardiovascular exercises is also a numerical variable. The relationship between the two variables could be found with the help of correlation co efficient. The Pearsons product moment correlation co efficient has been found for the above two variables. The correlation co efficient is given by the following formula: r = Cov(x,y)/sqrt(V(x)* V(y)). The Correlation between the two variables is given by the following formula: BMI Q11: Minutes on Cardio machine BMI 1 Q11: Minutes on Cardio machine -0.10581 1 Table: Correlation matrix (Source: Created by author) The correlation between the minutes spends for cardio vascular exercise and the BMI is -0.10581. Figure: Scatter plot between number of time spend on cardio vascular exercises and BMI (Source: Created by author) The correlation between the two variables gives an idea about the importance of the customers for going to the gym. As the exercises have a positive effect on the fitness of the customers, this can increase customer satisfaction. The customer will be interested in coming to the gym. The scatter plot also gives a negative sloping line. This indicates a negative correlation between the two variables BMI and Time spent for cardiovascular exercises. The measures of descriptive statistics are given below: Measure Minutes spend for cardio vascular disease BMI MEAN 12.6 25.745 Standard deviation 8.601151 3.098823 Table: Measures of descriptive statistics (Source: Created by author) The customer satisfaction can also be explained with the help of the variable, the frequency of going to the gym and the variety of equipment in the gym. Both these are categorical variables. The variables are analyzed with the help of the following two way table: Count of Q8:Number of visits per week Row Labels 0 1 1 29 29 2 9 17 3 3 9 4 4 Grand Total 41 59 Table: 2*2 Contingency table Source: Created by author Table: Bar diagram showing the importance of equipments and frequency of visits (Source: Created by author) In the above bar diagram, the number of visits per week is plotted along the x axis and the counts are plotted along the y axis. The graph gives an idea about the frequency along the two axes. 3.Therefore, there is a negative correlation between the two variables. Therefore, as the number of minutes spends for physical exercise increases, the BMI of the individual decreases and vice versa. The contingency table shows that the number of people who goes to the gym once a week has shown a equal proportion for agreeing as well as disagreeing with question 15 that is the gym should have better equipments. As the number of visits increases, the number of people stating that the gym should have better equipments decreases. Therefore, it can be stated that the individuals who visits the gym regularly has stated that the gym has better equipments. 4.The survey has been conducted among the gym customers to see if the customers of the gym support the proposed change that has been brought about in the gym. The data has been collected from 1000 customers to see if they support the change or not. It has been found that among 1000 people, 259 people do not like the change and the remaining likes the change. Therefore, a proportion of 0.259 people do not like the change. A confidence interval of 95% has been constructed by assuming the variable is binomially distributed. The confidence interval is given below: I = ( p S.E(p) * 1.96, p + S.E (p)*1.96) The S.E(p) indicates the standard error of the proportion. It is calculated by the following formula: E (p) = sqrt(p(1-p)/n) The value of p for this data is 0.259 and the value of S.E (p) is 0.013853. The value of the confidence interval has been calculated to be (0.713847, 0.768153). The value of the proportion p is expected to lie within the interval. A test has been conducted to know if 50% of the customers like the change in the gym. A test for the population proportion has been constructed. The null hypothesis of the test is H0: p =0.5 and the alternative hypothesis is H1: p 0.5. The statistic of the test is given below: t = (p 0.5)/sqrt(p(1-p)/n) The test statistics for the test has been calculated to be 17.3963. The null hypothesis of the test will be rejected as the test statistic is more than 1.645. Therefore, it can be said that the number of people who do not support the change is more than 50%. Conclusion: The report is concerned with analyzing the number of customers in the gym who supports a particular change. The analysis of the data has been carried out with the help of various statistical tools and techniques. It has been found that the number of people who supports the change is more than 50 percent. A confidence interval has been given for the variables as well. The customer satisfaction is a very important factor in the gym. The customer satisfaction depends on different factors like the quality of service provided by the gym. In this case, the quality of equipment provided in the gym is one of the factors for the service quality provided by the gym. The analysis of the data states that the people who visits the gym regularly believes that the equipments in the gym are good while those who do not visit regularly believes the equipments are not so good. The number of people who thinks the gym should have a high variety of equipments is less than the group who thinks that the gym should not have a high variety of equipments. 5.The statistical measures have been calculated using a sample observation. A sample of size 100 has been used for descriptive statistics and size 1000 has been used for inferential statistics. Firstly, the correlation between the two numerical variable has been very small almost approaching towards zero value. Therefore, proper conclusion about the two variables could not be drawn from the statistics. Secondly, the inferential statistics measure that is hypothesis testing and confidence interval has been computed using binomial distribution. The data contains 1000 observations. The analysis could have been better if normality could have been assumed. This means that the number of people who supports the claim should follow a normal distribution. 6.The study has been conducted using quantitative research methodology. The quantitative research methodology involves collection of primary data for the research. There are a lot of problems in the collection of primary data. The figures in the quantitative data are often full of errors. This may be because of the fact that the respondents do not answer the questions properly. There are missing observations in those data as well. In order to avoid these problems, the enumerators should be given proper kind of training. Often, indirect questions could be asked to get the answers. The questionnaire should contain proper instructions of filling each and every question. References: Hsueh, Y.S. Su, J.M., 2013. The relationship among service quality and satisfaction of customers in fitness c:enters located in Southern Taiwan.Life Science Journal,10(4). Yee, W.M., Yeung, R.M. Ma, L., 2013, July. Drivers of customer satisfaction in the fitness club industry. InProc. of the Academy of Marketing Conference 2013Marketing Relevance.

Informative Speech on Hijab free essay sample

The topic of hijab is one that evokes Emotion,and provokes. It generates within all of us a plethora of thoughts and emotions. The web and media are replete with opinions of Muslim women and politicians on this sensitive topic. Some non-Muslims have used hijab as a springboard to unleash virile anti-Islamic polemics. Here I wish to share some thoughts on hijab from the perspective of a Muslim male living in America and preempt any perceptions of dogma by providing relevant evidences. Hijab is such a grand concept that one cannot write about it except with awe. According a 2007 Pew Research Center report on Muslim Americans, only 38% of Muslim women wear hijab all the time whereas 48% do not wear any head covering at all. As a side note and interesting factoid, 48% of Muslim American women pray the obligatory prayers five times a day compared to 34% of Muslim men. The sisters as a whole are undoubtedly keener to hold fast to the religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech on Hijab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet the issue of hijab bifurcates Muslim women and creates tension. Why do the majority of Muslim American women not wear the hijab? What are the reasons that some choose to wear the hijab? What does a Muslim man think of hijab and how does its adoption or lack thereof affect him? These are questions I will attempt to answer below. Women who choose not to wear the hijab come under many categories, some of which are as follows: Women who deny the obligation of hijab Women who think that hijab is â€Å"only strongly recommended† but not obligatory Women who do not feel naturally shy when wearing revealing outfits outside the home and have mentally and physically adopted the dress code of the occident Women who want to wear the hijab but are afraid of the consequences in the form of occupational discrimination, stares, glares, comments, family resistance, spousal resistance, etc. Informative Speech on Hijab free essay sample The topic of hijab is one that evokes and provokes. It generates within all of us a plethora of thoughts and emotions. The web and media are replete with opinions of Muslim women and politicians on this sensitive topic. Some non-Muslims have used hijab as a springboard to unleash virile anti-Islamic polemics. Here I wish to share some thoughts on hijab from the perspective of a Muslim male living in America and preempt any perceptions of dogma by providing relevant evidences. Hijab is such a grand concept that one cannot write about it except with awe. According a 2007 Pew Research Center report on Muslim Americans, only 38% of Muslim women wear hijab all the time whereas 48% do not wear any head covering at all. As a side note and interesting factoid, 48% of Muslim American women pray the obligatory prayers five times a day compared to 34% of Muslim men. The sisters as a whole are undoubtedly keener to hold fast to the religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech on Hijab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet the issue of hijab bifurcates Muslim women and creates tension. Why do the majority of Muslim American women not wear the hijab? What are the reasons that some choose to wear the hijab? What does a Muslim man think of hijab and how does its adoption or lack thereof affect him? These are questions I will attempt to answer below. Women who choose not to wear the hijab come under many categories, some of which are as follows: Women who deny the obligation of hijab Women who think that hijab is â€Å"only strongly recommended† but not obligatory Women who do not feel naturally shy when wearing revealing outfits outside the home and have mentally and physically adopted the dress code of the occident Women who want to wear the hijab but are afraid of the consequences in the form of occupational discrimination, stares, glares, comments, family resistance, spousal resistance, etc.

Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation

Strategic planning Limitations Universities may encounter a multitude of problems as they go forward with their strategic planning process. This section discusses several of these difficulties and offers ways to minimize or avoid them. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Strategic planning is an involved, intricate, and complex process that takes an organization into the uncharted territory. It does not provide a ready to use prescription for success; instead, it takes the organization through a journey and helps develop a framework and context within which the answers will emerge. Literature and research has documented extensively the possible problems that may arise during the process. Being aware of these issues and prepared to address them is essential to success: organization's strategic planning effort may fail if these potential pitfalls are ignored. To increase universities' awareness, this section reviews some of these limitations. Commitment One of the major challenges of strategic planning is ensuring commitment at the top, because in some ways, strategic planning reduces executive decision-making power. It encourages involvement throughout the organization, and "empowers" people to make decisions within the framework defined by the strategic planning process. As a result, this shifts some of the decision making from the executive office to the participants. Commitment of the people throughout the university "grows out of a sense of ownership of the project" (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 172). Such commitment is essential to success. Strategic planning implies organization-wide participation, which can only be achieved if people believe that their involvement counts, and that they will benefit from the process. Inflexibility of plans and planning Strategic planning might inhibit changes, and discourage the organization from considering disruptive alternatives (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 178). Planning might inhibit creativit... Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation Strategic planning Limitations Universities may encounter a multitude of problems as they go forward with their strategic planning process. This section discusses several of these difficulties and offers ways to minimize or avoid them. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Strategic planning is an involved, intricate, and complex process that takes an organization into the uncharted territory. It does not provide a ready to use prescription for success; instead, it takes the organization through a journey and helps develop a framework and context within which the answers will emerge. Literature and research has documented extensively the possible problems that may arise during the process. Being aware of these issues and prepared to address them is essential to success: organization's strategic planning effort may fail if these potential pitfalls are ignored. To increase universities' awareness, this section reviews some of these limitations. Commitment One of the major challenges of strategic planning is ensuring commitment at the top, because in some ways, strategic planning reduces executive decision-making power. It encourages involvement throughout the organization, and "empowers" people to make decisions within the framework defined by the strategic planning process. As a result, this shifts some of the decision making from the executive office to the participants. Commitment of the people throughout the university "grows out of a sense of ownership of the project" (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 172). Such commitment is essential to success. Strategic planning implies organization-wide participation, which can only be achieved if people believe that their involvement counts, and that they will benefit from the process. Inflexibility of plans and planning Strategic planning might inhibit changes, and discourage the organization from considering disruptive alternatives (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 178). Planning might inhibit creativit...

My Professional Accomplishment †Admissions Essay

My Professional Accomplishment – Admissions Essay Free Online Research Papers I finished my bachelor of science in accounting with a high GPA of 3.75 and I took MBT courses at UMN with GPA of 3.80. The biggest accomplishment is that I had five years experience and all my previous bosses gave me very high evaluation. One of my bosses had a long conversation with me before I left his company. He told me that it was a big loss that I left. When he decided to hire me, he had some worries because he felt that I’m a very demanding and self-centered person. After one year’s work with him, he found that I was very considerate and cooperative with excellent communication skills. I knew how to listen to people while I tried to lead people. I placed my faith and trust in people when I was trusted and depended upon. At the end of our conversation, he said,† Lei, you are such an effective and smart person that I believe your capability and personality will lead you to success wherever you go. Although I do not own a company I believe I have potential to be a good leader. When I worked at Wahlquist, I built up a very pleasant relationship with mutual trust between coworkers and me. In many situations, even if I was not in the role where I was the one to make the decisions, it ended up it was me who persuade the boss the make the right decisions and he was very appreciated. When I first came to the company, I found people working here kept certain distance with each other and they even didn’t know how many kids they had or where they came from. It made the working environment was cold, unfriendly and boring. So I started to persuade Mr. Wahlquist to create a more cozy and homelike workplace. We could create more changes to let staff members gather together and talk about their life and family so that they could know each other better. Only can you work better with your coworkers if you know them better. I started to suggest we can have seasonal dinner together or we could invite our coworkers to each other’s home for a party by turn. After discussing these issues with other leaders and staff member, they took my suggestions. They decided each year right after the tax season, the company will have a gathering where they can bring their family members and enjoy all the activities. People started to talk to each other and felt more like a home working at Walquist, which improved their efficiency and enthusiasm. That was why Mr. Walquist had a long conversation with me before I left. When he knew the reason I left was because my husband found a good job at Minnesota, he even joked that if he could afford my husband, he could even offer him a job to let me stay in his company. Research Papers on My Professional Accomplishment - Admissions EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTwilight of the UAWCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office System

Do William Morris' ideas, ideals, and influences in arts and crafts Essay

Do William Morris' ideas, ideals, and influences in arts and crafts have any relevance today - Essay Example The real origins of Victorian art revival is believed to have started in the late eighteenth century and when Morris came to the scene, the revival was already in motion and he was not the originator of it. In the post-Napoleonic period, there was unrest in the European air and the younger people lived in expectation of another revolution. Things were fairly unsettled when the Victorian revival was initiated. Morris wrote The Defence of Guinevere and other poems while painting frescoes for the Oxford Union. The pre-Raphaelite group and their company, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. brought revolution in designs, carpets, wall papers, furniture, tapestries etc. there was a complete revolution in public taste. Morris also wrote prose like the Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly Paradise, Volksunga Saga, political writings like Death Song, Chants for Socialists, The Pilgrims of Hope, Dream of John Ball, News from Nowhere. Later, he was more dedicated to Socialism and wrote Socialism, its growth and outcome, Manifesto of English Socialists, The Wood beyond the World, Well at the World’s End. â€Å"Beauty, which is what is meant by art, using the word in its widest sense, is, I contend, no mere accident to human life, which people can take or leave as they choose, but a positive necessity of life† said William Morris, The Beauty of Life, 1880 Considered to be the most creative artist Britain had ever produced he pervaded all the fields including weaving, embroidering, dyeing, calligraphy, translating, preserving architecture and even working as a businessman. His legacy has lived on after his death and his protà ©gà © Henry Dearle carried on his work influencing artists and designers with Morris’s ideals. Morris was supposed to have expressed the fear that his work would not leave any future impact. It was not so and has proved many times that the art and craft induced by Morris

Titian and Renaissance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Titian and Renaissance - Research Paper Example Venetian reflection of color and a special atmosphere of Venetian style are combined with traditional Renaissance traditions. Titian works are full of emotions; even in his portraits we can see an intense emotional charge. Further on we will focus our attention on his two famous paintings: Portrait of Isabella d’Este and Christ and the Adulteress. These works signify common and different features of Titian paintings and those ones of Leonardo daVinci. We will try to underline common and different features between them, but of course, the main part of our attention concerns Titian paintings and the relevance of his style to the epoch of Renaissance. First of all, we should look for the features of aesthetic in his paintings. Moreover, there is a need to claim that the painter reflected ideally both humans and nature. He was looking for an ideal balance between the nature and the human world. An air of harmony is evident in the paintings of Titian. Christ and Adulteress This pai nting belongs to the High Renaissance period. The theme of adulteress is depicted in a dynamic nature by Titian. It is evident that this painting reflects a changeable and a controversial nature of this situation. We can see gorgeous clothes of the accused woman. This tendency we can also see in other paintings of the painter, because social status of the citizens of the Venetian society. It is very important to underline the contrast of the gorgeous clothes of Jesus Christ, the Adulteress and people around them. His background reflects nature from the remote perspective. We are enchanted by the green landscapes and there are blurred limits of the horizon and it is very interesting to consider the smallest details of the painting. Thus, Titian shows that he is much more concerned about the foreground of the painting (Christ and the Adulteress). The sea and green landscapes, which can be seen at the background of the painting, are of minimal concern for the painter. On the example of the vanishing line of green grass, we can see that the painter does not exactly draw a visible path between individuals, depicted on the painting. There is an evident opposition between the light and darkness of the painting. The building has dark edges and it is especially evident on the background a bright green color. The image of a woman is leaning her head and we can claim that this woman confessed all her mistakes and she seems to be blessed. We can compare this painting with the painting The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci. Emotions are reflected on the faces of people around the table. The same actions are depicted on the painting by Titian. People on the painting are fixed in their certain conditions and emotional states. Therefore, the painting by Titian is an emotionally-charged and rich in color creative work. Portrait of Isabella d’Este We can see an ideal woman. The image of this noble and wealthy woman has been depicted by numerous painters. Therefore, she wa s considered to be an ideal image of a woman during the period of Renaissance. We can claim that the background for this image and her depiction we can see in the works by Petrarch: she has blonde hair, fair skin, beautiful lips and cheeks, and almond-shaped blue-green eyes. Therefore, there was a well-accpeted tendency to depict noble women in the way they liked. They wanted to be ideals and idols of beauty for the painters. There are letters of Isabella d’Este, where she asks for making her portrait and appeals for Master Leonardo da Vinci.

Theoretical Framework Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework Essay A theoretical framework is defined in this study as the structure of concepts which exists in the literature, a ready-made map for the study (Liehr Smith, 2001); it provides the structure for examining a problem and serves as a guide to examine relationships between variables (Ingelse, 1997). Theoretical frameworks are important in exploratory studies, where the researcher does not know much about what is going on, and is trying to learn more. As Borgatti (1998) suggested: There are two reasons why theoretical frameworks are important here. First, no matter how little you think you know about a topic, and how unbiased you think you are, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions, even if they are of a very general nature (Borgatti, 1998) A study of the literature reveals that there are many theories in use in the information systems field alone (Schneberger Wade, 2006). The Implementation of I. D Scanner Systems in the Students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Rosa Extension Campus shows how technological innovation to provide the students ease and better service every start of the classes. It is communicated /disseminated to students who will attend their class in the university, as what is stated in the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory The Diffusion of Innovation Theory by Rogers E. M. states that an innovation diffuses or spreads through our society in a predictable pattern. A few people will adopt an innovation as soon as they hear of it, other people will take longer to try something new and still others take much longer. The people who are at the back of the PUP website are those we can consider the innovators, and the students as the adopters of the innovation in the enrollment procedures. The Diffusion Innovation Theory includes the four key steps that effectively summarize the diffusion process wherein the innovation in enrollment procedure is going through. The first step is â€Å"Knowledge†, wherein the PUP students are made aware of the new process of enrollment and registration. The next step is â€Å"Persuasion† where the diffusion process takes place mostly within the mind of the adopter. The individual weighs the advantages that the new technology would bring to him or her personally. Based upon these evaluations and discussions with others, the individual begins to learn toward either adoption or rejection of the innovation. This is where the students analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of the new process of enrollment in PUP compared to the traditional. The third step is â€Å"Decision†. The individual makes the final decision of whether to adopt or reject. The last step is â€Å"Confirmation† where the individual seeks validation.

Shakespeares As You Like It - A Pre-oedipal Reading :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

A Pre-oedipal Reading of As You Like It In these lines we see how Orlando saves his brother from a snake and a lioness. This is basically what leads to their reconciliation. On the surface this seems fairly simple, but by using a pre-oedipal reading on this passage I'll make it a bit more complex. I will try to show that this passage depicts Oliver's liberation from his mother. I will also point out how Oliver is unable to achieve this liberation himself, and how he needs to be helped by his brother Orlando. Already in line 106 we get a glimpse of Oliver's problem: "A wretched ragged man, o'ergrown with hair," He is unknown and unrecognisable, even to his own brother. You can see that he is an adult person by his hair (beard), but he has not got an identity as a man. Oliver suffers from the same problem as Orlando had before he met Duke Senior, in the respect that he does not have a father-figure to identify with. Rowland de Boys, who was his biological father, is dead. His only substitute, Duke Frederick, has threatened to take his estates from him, and thereby denying him his identity. A snake is crawling towards Oliver's mouth. If we take a closer look at this snake in a pre-oedipal context it is fairly obvious that it is a phallic symbol. As I said it is moving towards Oliver's mouth. If we regard the snake as a symbol of a penis, the vagina is represented by Oliver's mouth. On that basis, we can claim that Oliver is about to be "penetrated" and violated. We also witness a reversal of gender roles as we notice that the snake is female. This might represent Oliver's (or indeed, men's) fears of being effeminated. What's more, Oliver is sleeping. In other words he is not fully aware of the situation he is in. He is also defenceless. He therefore needs someone to enlighten him and to save him. This is where Orlando comes in. He is now a representative of the "liberated" man, having found his "father" in Duke Senior, and having proved his manhood by being valiant and gentle. The mere sight of him makes the snake "impotent", and it escapes. Orlando has now saved his brother from the threat of becoming effeminate.

MIS group assignment- Mydin Essay

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of Mydin In the year 1918 marks the year Mydin was found by one Mr. Gulam Husen Jamal who was the father of Mr. Mydin. Mr. Gulam was managing his shop until ward world 11 which saw the end of Mr. Gulam’s shop in Penang which was burnt down by fire incidents and left them with nothing. In 1957 Mydin out of a strong determination and his ability to persist in life pushed forward and with the help of his immediate son in the year 1979 and 1989 respectively continue the trade his father started and his first shop selling toys and general merchandise with his own sweat he continued the trade of wholesaling, the business skyrocketed to different branches in the land of Malaysian. Today Mydin is now one of the largest discount retailers in the whole Malaysians with over 17 Mydin supermarket and wholesalers emporium’s centers located across the country and also among the competing supermarket with Tesco, Carrefour and others. 1.2 Mydin vision Mydin is the world leading distributor of competitive Halal goods and service. 1.3 Mission The mission of Mydin is to target the overall leading in the local wholesale and retail supermarket by his constant provision of service to his customers, provision of best valuable for money and assortment of goods and services through Excellency. Also they aim to encourage more Malaysians to open different outlet with their own proven success formula. 1.4 Product Mydin has so many products such as Softline for apparel, together with home furnishing and muslimin. They also specialize in hardline (do-it –yourself), household, electronics including all stationary and general merchandise, all types of gifts and Deco, sports, toys and games. Fresh; ready to eat and fresh produce of meat and poultry equally, all kinds of vege and fruits, chilled and frozen Grocery: different kinds of food and health including beauty material. 1.5 Mydin objectives The following are the objectives of Mydin Company To provide its products at the right time and at the right price to the right customer while ensuring excellent service. Secondly, achieve marketing speed, and overall efficiency of operations. And supply chain management, from the suppliers to the logistics and warehouse, to Mydin’s ground staff and to the management team, Thirdly to achieve efficiency and productivity which are important factors for timely and accurate decision making. Fourthly With so many strong competitors in the local retail outlets, one cannot afford to be tardy to differentiate itself, Mydin aim at redefining the value it brings to its customers Lastly to maintain it brand name which signifies convenience, quality and value for money through it looks into Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to achieve these goals. 1.6 Organizational of Mydin structure 2.0 External and Internal Analysis 2.1 SWOT Analysis Based on the studies of Gorener A., Toker K., and Ulucay K., they mentioned that with SWOT analysis the regulated arrangement technique for estimating the internal and external environment of the business as well as analyze both environments in order to achieve systematic approach and support for decisions. Strength Low price strategy Mydin is famous designed for getting local and overseas goods with the reasonable pricing supplying into Malaysia. â€Å"Why pay more? Buy at wholesale price† and this is one of the advertisement slogan of Mydin as well as Mydin had already set their pricing strategy in a low price strategy to compete with the existing competitors (Danny Y., 2011). Government`s support According to the Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak, he mentioned that the government will inject RM386 million to make sure that the prices of needed goods and products in Sabah and Sarawak are sold at lower prices through the opening of 57 KR1M stores (Shukry A, 2012). Customer Loyalty The low pricing strategies not merely attract the new customers, but it helps also the Mydin to build a strong customer loyalty for their hypermarket, as their slogan, â€Å"Why pay more? Buy at wholesale price† Weaknesses Less Space and the Layout of Shop The limited space of Mydin causes a decline in numbers of customers. These customers will feel not comfortable enough while shop with a place where too crowded. Customer Services It is a provision of service to customers before and after purchases and it is significantly important for goods and services business, like Mydin. The weak customer services of Mydin could not satisfy the customers and it will ruin the reputation of Mydin and lead the consumers flee to competitors like TESCO and GIANT. Opportunities Online Market In this era of internet technology widespread, the users of the internet are increasing very rapidly. So if Mydin can follow this trend and caught these opportunities to explore online market successfully, Mydin will definitely obtain a benefit from this online market. International Expansion It is well known that their vision from Mydin for this short term to become the world’s top supplier of competitive â€Å"Halal† products. Therefore, the Muslim countries, like Indonesia are the great market for the Mydin to explore as it has a large number of populations. Threats Intense Competition In Malaysia hypermarket industry, there are variety choices for customers such as Mydin, Tesco, Giant, Carrefour, and Econsave. It goes without saying that it is an intense competition for the industry and it will lead the Mydin lose market share when the competitors offer a better promotion or privilege. Substitute product The customers could satisfy their needs or wants in mini mart, grocery shop, wet market, or convenience store instead of the Mydin. 2.2 PESTEL Analysis Based on the PESTEL structure it delivers a complete list of external effects on the potential achievement to every single strategy or either could lead to failure. It is where standpoints for the factors from Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental as well as Legal (Ivory, 2005). In this research is where based on observation on Mydin, this analysis can actually help to avoid the unwanted outcomes to their future plans like expands of the branches in overseas countries with the situations and regulations that need further consideration. Politic highlights to the role of governments involved, as Mydin is deciding for expanding their branches in Indonesia, therefore the management team involved required to have more research on the government restriction with the trading and how the security control of the country is. Economic factors are refers to the macro-economic factors in the foreign country such as the exchange rates, the inflation rate and differential economic growth rates around the world (Ukessays, nd). These are important factors as will directly influence to Mydin Profit where involves of cost of gain or loss with the exchange rates. As rising inflation rates mean rising prices for goods and services, the CEO needs to know the forecast of inflation rate because consumers would tighten their spending as goods become more expensive. Besides, it also means retailers have to bear a higher expenditure. Social influences the employment patterns of the country and behaviors of the consumers. The employment patterns simply mean that the numbers working hours, working days, employment benefits and other factors where Mydin need to have better study before decide the locations to expand their branches (Slideshare, 2012). Besides, having updated and accurate information about consumers buying patterns and behavior helps to have a clear direction of where the future consumption trends are heading to in order to know how to satisfy customer’s needs and desire. On food taste or packaging that will bring effects on the sales volume. The factor of technology referring to improvements in both internet retailing and trading (Ivory, 2005). There is a study that to the grocery business implemented to the advance technology is able to benefit Mydin to decrease expenditures but improve on efficiency. It is in strengthening their customer service, improving operations and retain pace with the competitors. Therefore, this is where the early twenty-first century operators in the industry. Environmental it is more concerned to eco-friendly viewpoints with main concern to the ‘green’ issues, like the occurrence of pollution and local waste issues (Slideshare, 2012). It can be one of the company strategy for advertising their product with go green issue or recyclable of products which will benefit their local surroundings. Legal holds governmental restrictions or modifications, it is where the well-being and security legislation with the Mydin’s mergers and acquisitions (Antonio, 2010). This aspect plays the important role especially with food and beverage products that are illegal for consumers to consume due to the religion issue. Therefore, it helps the CEO to understand well about the company marketing plan and thus can make a better decision. It is important for Mydin to understand and survey of how these factors are fluctuating currently and changes in future. Therefore, it is required of  the management to generate of solutions that would be likely to bring benefits or failure to the organizations. For instance, Mydin is to be expected to implement of advance technology changing. Therefore, usually generates of PESTEL analysis but it is actually without the offering of the forecast to the changing in the environment.

Marginal Revenue and Profit

?In order for a company to be able to reach its full potential financial management must be in place. This management needs to be aware of at least the basics of financial plans which are revenue, cost and profit. These three things can make or break a company. Each of these things must be understood and considered before plans can be laid to create or better a company. Revenue is the amount a company receives (Marginal Revenue, 2009). If a company is in the business of sales, revenue is the amount of money the company receives per unit sold. Marginal revenue is the amount of money a company receives for the last unit sold. This is found by dividing the change in revenue by the change in quantity sold. For companies that compete with one another marginal revenue is not very important. This is because in a competitive environment most products are sold at a set price so that marginal revenue is equal to the set sales price of the product. For a monopoly on the other hand, marginal revenue is very important. Monopolies have a decreasing marginal revenue curve (marginal Revenue, 2009); for a monopoly the marginal revenue is less than the sales price. This is because a monopoly must have a lower sales price in order to increase the amount of product sold. Total cost is the amount of money it costs to operate at a particular rate of production (Baker, 2000). There are two types of cost: variable and fixed. Fixed costs are those that remain the same regardless of production and variable costs are those that change with production. Marginal cost is the addition either to total cost or total variable cost resulting from one more unit of output (McConnall & Brue, 2008). Usually this is found by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity. Profit is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting expenses (Profit, 2009). Profit maximization is the idea that people will try to create as high a profit as possible given the circumstances. Since marginal revenue is the amount of revenue an additional unit will bring in and marginal cost is the amount the additional unit will cost to produce, then profit maximization is the point where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal (Profit Maximization, 2009). So as long as marginal cost is lower than marginal revenue there is profit, but if marginal cost ever exceeds marginal revenue the last unit should not be produced. If the marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost, the company can produce more units. Business owners and managers need to be able to make a profit. Whenever people think of profit, they are aware that profit is the amount of money left after the expenses are paid and most people know the greater the profit the better off they will be. Most people do not know that profit maximization requires the knowledge of marginal cost and marginal revenue. In order to determine when a company is no longer profiting from production of extra units, one must know that profit maximization is the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Refernces (2009). Marginal revenue: Fundamental finance. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from fundamentalfinance. com Web site: http://economics. fundamentalfinance. com/micro_revenue. php Baker, S. (2000). Cost concepts. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from Economics interactive tutorial Web site: http://hspm. sph. sc. edu/COURSES/ECON/Cost/Cost. html (2009). Profit. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from investorwords. com Web site: http://www. investorwords. com/3880/profit. html Profit Maximization. Retrieved July 16, 2009, Web site: http://www. econ. ilstu. edu/ntskaggs/eco105/readings/profit-max. htm McConnell, C. , & Brue, S. (2008). Microeconomics 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Free Essays on Discrimination Against People With Multiple Sclerosis

Do Americans Discriminate Against People with Multiple Sclerosis? Kevin is a quiet man who has known he has multiple sclerosis (MS) for six years. He hasn't told anyone. [Kevin explains] â€Å"I went to a doctor because I had a serious fall. He decided to run some tests and a week later he told me that I have MS. No one can tell when they look at me. I've learned how to cover losing my balance. I'm only thirty-two. I'm not going to tell anyone because they might think I can't do my job. I'm sure not going to tell any woman I want to date. What's she going to think- I'm a cripple?† (qtd. in â€Å"Disclosure†) This story is a prime example of what people who have MS live with every day of their lives. Kevin’s initial reaction was not concern for his health or well-being, but the kind of discrimination he would now have to face because of this devastating disease. People with MS are discriminated against in several aspects of life. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Web page, MS is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord. When a person has MS the tissue called myelin which protects the nerves are damaged. The damage to the myelin is called â€Å"sclerosis,† commonly known as scar tissue, and â€Å"multiple† means many. These scars impair the activity of the nerves, by making it difficult for commands to reach and leave the brain. This causes the different symptoms of MS (â€Å"What is MS†). According to the NMSS approximately one third of a million Americans acknowledge having MS (â€Å"About MS†). MS is a disabling disease. It is common practice that people who suffer from the disease end up in a wheel chair. One way people who suffer from MS are discriminated against is in public accommodations. In the article, â€Å"A Ruling on Co-op and Disability,† Jay Romano tells a story about a woman who as a result of having MS had to be in a wheel chair. Romano explains that the buil... Free Essays on Discrimination Against People With Multiple Sclerosis Free Essays on Discrimination Against People With Multiple Sclerosis Do Americans Discriminate Against People with Multiple Sclerosis? Kevin is a quiet man who has known he has multiple sclerosis (MS) for six years. He hasn't told anyone. [Kevin explains] â€Å"I went to a doctor because I had a serious fall. He decided to run some tests and a week later he told me that I have MS. No one can tell when they look at me. I've learned how to cover losing my balance. I'm only thirty-two. I'm not going to tell anyone because they might think I can't do my job. I'm sure not going to tell any woman I want to date. What's she going to think- I'm a cripple?† (qtd. in â€Å"Disclosure†) This story is a prime example of what people who have MS live with every day of their lives. Kevin’s initial reaction was not concern for his health or well-being, but the kind of discrimination he would now have to face because of this devastating disease. People with MS are discriminated against in several aspects of life. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Web page, MS is a disease that affects the brain and the spinal cord. When a person has MS the tissue called myelin which protects the nerves are damaged. The damage to the myelin is called â€Å"sclerosis,† commonly known as scar tissue, and â€Å"multiple† means many. These scars impair the activity of the nerves, by making it difficult for commands to reach and leave the brain. This causes the different symptoms of MS (â€Å"What is MS†). According to the NMSS approximately one third of a million Americans acknowledge having MS (â€Å"About MS†). MS is a disabling disease. It is common practice that people who suffer from the disease end up in a wheel chair. One way people who suffer from MS are discriminated against is in public accommodations. In the article, â€Å"A Ruling on Co-op and Disability,† Jay Romano tells a story about a woman who as a result of having MS had to be in a wheel chair. Romano explains that the buil...

Circus Maximus History and Games

Circus Maximus History and Games The first and biggest circus in Rome, the Circus Maximus was located between the Aventine and Palatine hills. Its shape made it particularly suitable for chariot races, although spectators could also watch other stadium events there or from the surrounding hillsides. Each year in ancient Rome, from the early legendary period, the Circus Maximus became the venue for an important and popular celebration. The Ludi Romani or Ludi Magni (September 5-19) were held to honor Jupiter Optimus Maximus (Jupiter Best and Greatest) whose temple was dedicated, according to tradition, which is always shaky for the early period, on September 13, 509 (Source: Scullard). The games were organized by the curule aediles and were divided into ludi circenses as in circus (e.g., chariot races and gladiatorial combats) and ludi scaenici as in scenic (theatrical performances). The ludi started with a procession to the Circus Maximus. In the procession were young men, some on horseback, charioteers, the almost naked, competing athletes, spear-carrying dancers to flute and lyre players, satyr and Silenoi impersonators, musicians, and incense burners, followed by images of the gods and once-mortal divine heroes, and sacrificial animals. The games included horse-drawn chariot races, foot races, boxing, wrestling, and more. Ludi Romani and the Circus Maximus King Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin) was the first Etruscan king of Rome. When he took power, he engaged in various political ploys to gain popular favor. Among other actions, he waged a successful war against a neighboring Latin town. In honor of the Roman victory, Tarquin held the first of the Ludi Romani, the Roman Games, consisting of boxing and horse racing. The spot that he selected for the Ludi Romani became the Circus Maximus. The topography of the city of Rome is known for its seven hills (Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline or Capitolium, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, and Caelian). Tarquin laid out the first racetrack circuit in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Spectators could view the action by sitting on the hillsides. Later Romans developed another type of stadium (Colosseum) to suit other games they enjoyed. The ovoid shape and seating of the circus were more suited to chariot races than to wild beast and gladiator fights, although the Circus Maximus held both. Stages in the Building of the Circus Maximus King Tarquin laid out an arena known as the Circus Maximus. Down the center was a barrier (spina), with pillars at each end around which charioteers had to maneuver carefully. Julius Caesar enlarged this circus to 1800 feet in length by 350 feet wide. Seats (150,000 in Caesars time) were on terraces over stone arched vaults. A building with stalls and entrances to the seats surrounded the circus. End of the Circus Games The last games were held in the sixth century CE. Factions The drivers of the chariots (aurigae or agitatores) that raced in the circus wore team colors (factions). Originally, the factions were White and Red, but Green and Blue were added during the Empire. Domitian introduced short-lived Purple and Gold factions. By the fourth century CE, the White faction had joined the Green, and the Red had joined the Blue. The factions attracted fanatically loyal supporters. Circus Laps On the flat end of the circus were 12 openings (carceres) through which the chariots passed. Conical pillars (metae) marked the starting line (alba linea). At the opposite end were matching metae. Starting on the right of the spina, the charioteers raced down the course rounded the pillars and returned to the start 7 times (the missus). Circus Hazards Because there were wild beasts in the circus arena, spectators were offered some protection through an iron railing. When Pompey held an elephant fight in the arena, the railing broke. Caesar added a moat (euripus) 10 feet wide and 10 feet deep between the arena and the seats. Nero filled it back in. Fires in the wooden seats was another danger. The charioteers and those behind them were in particular danger when they rounded the metae. Other Circuses The Circus Maximus was the first and largest circus, but it was not the only one. Other circuses included the Circus Flaminius (where the Ludi Plebeii were held) and the Circus of Maxentius. The games became a regular event in 216 BCE in the Circus Flaminius, partly to honor the fallen champion, Flaminius, partly to honor the gods of the Plebes, and to honor all gods due to the dire circumstances of their struggle with Hannibal. The Ludi Plebeii was the first of a whole string of new games beginning in the late second century BCE to gather favor from whatever gods would listen to Romes needs.

Introduction to Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Accounting - Essay Example Groups are treated as a single entity for the purpose of showing the financial position of the range of companies including parent (holding) company, its subsidiaries, associated companies and other investments such as joint ventures. These financial statements are known as consolidated financial statements because all the accounts of the companies are consolidated to form just one set of accounts. This is done for the better management of accounts, tax cuts, measurement of the size and extent of the business and also it is a requirement in some cases (Brennan & Pierce, 2003). The case discussed below is per USGAAP treatment of group accounts. (Definitions, 2008) When the company owns or purchases 50% or more of the outstanding common stock, the purchasing company has control over the acquired company. Control in this context is defined as ability to direct policies and management. In this type of relationship the controlling company is the parent and the controlled company is the subsidiary. The parent company needs to issue consolidated financial statements at the end of the year to reflect this relationship. Consolidated financial statements show the parent and the subsidiary as one single entity. During the year, the parent company can use the equity or the cost method to account for its investment in the subsidiary. Each company keeps separate books.

MIS - Global Projects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MIS - Global Projects - Research Paper Example Oracle Corporation is ranked at position three in terms of earnings in the global software industry. The most common software products from the company include its supply chain management, customer relationship management, and enterprise resource planning software (Monk and Wagner, 2012). SAPAG is a German multinational company that is considered among the largest software companies in the World. The company mainly specialises in creating software solutions that help companies run their core functions in a much better and efficient manner. The company is revered for its enterprise resource planning software, the SAP business warehouse, the SAP business object software, and the SAP HANA (Monk and Wagner, 2012). Considering that Dual-Tech Inc specialises in the distribution and selling of electrical appliances it means that it is more likely to handle contracts and projects that are based in overseas markets and therefore, the business in general and the management team will need certain business software applications in order to smoothly run their global projects. One of the business considerations that Dual Tech’s CIO would take into consideration while deciding between Oracle and SAP solutions for global projects is the cost associated with each solution. Since businesses are inclined towards, reducing cost whilst maximizing profits it is widely expected that the management would advocate for cheaper solutions. In the survey conducted by Krigsman (2012) it was noted that SAP solutions are usually expensive and hence the reason why despite being frequently short listed in most tenders compared to Oracle and Microsoft dynamics they are rarely chosen by the buyers. Therefore, SAP will be costly to Dual-Tech Inc but the CIO will make his selection considering other factors as well. The management will consider the usability of the two software solutions or the

Accounting writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting writing assignment - Essay Example Another merger completed in 1985 saw the name change to Chevron. From 2002 to 2007 Chevron invested an estimated $72 billion to bring improved energy supplies to market. The company adopted name Chevron Corporation in 2005, and later acquired Unocal Corp. (Chevron) enhancing its position as the World’s leader in energy provision. Chevron has over the years demonstrated expertise in deep-water oil exploration. Sales and additional operating revenues decreased from 2012’s $230590 million to $220156 million. Net income profits declined by 18.2% in 2013 from 2012’s $ 26,179 million to $21,423 million. Their dividends per share were $3.90 million, and each share attracted a $1 return. Total assets rose to $253753 million in 2013 from 2012’s $232982 million, followed by a subsequent rise in total liabilities from $95150 million to $103326 million. Chevron’s total stockholders’ equity rose in 2013 to $ 149113 from 2012’s $ 136524 million (Chevron). The Board of Directors of Chevron comprises of an Audit Committee who are not under employment with the firm. This committee has regular meeting with the Management and auditors, both internal and external auditors to ensure conformity with the internal controls and the International Financial Reporting matters. Chevron’s operations have been affected by the altering economic, regulatory and Political environments in the various geographical areas of operations. Some governments have from time to time tried to renegotiate terms of contracts which has led to significant additional costs to the company. Management keenly follows developments in the money markets, the global economic trends and their impact on the enterprise’s fluctuations in oil and Natural gases. In the last quarter of 2011, a development well in the Frade field off the coast of Brazil caused an unforeseen pressure spike resulting in a migration

The Person That I Love the Most Essay Example for Free

The Person That I Love the Most Essay Man is a social animal, we love to live in society and found comfort in our family. It gives us ease and mental satisfaction to live among people to whom we know. It is our nature like or dislike people among whom we live. There are lots of people to whom we love or hate. I categorized three types of people to whom normally a person can love. The first type of persons are whom we love because of our natural relationship with them for instance our mother, father, daughter, son, wife, brother etc. The second type of peoples is those to whom we like because of their qualities for example we may like our mentor because the way he teaches us, we like the leader because the way he leads the nation in difficult situations, we like the scientist because the way his invention contribution to the society and so on. The third type of person to whom we love is the opposite gender. Yes this is the most widespread type of love that we can see nowadays present in most of the people. There is no age limit for having this sort of love we can see it from youngster to older ones. I will discuss here the person to I love most or I like most. This is the person whose work or invention has reshaped our lives. This is the man for whom American President Mr. Obama appraised as â€Å"Bold enough to think differently, brave enough to believe that he could change the world and talented enough to do that†. Yes, you could easily recognize him that was deceased Steve Jobs – The former Chief Executive Officer of the Apple Corporation. His nature, vision and enthusiasm have reshaped our life. Most of us are using computers, touch screen smart phones, and touch screen tablets. We are very familiar with the computer by the advent of Graphical User Interface, easily recognize computer file in the shape of icons, maven at using computer mouse; these all things have his fingerprints. He was the man behind this entire thing, this was his vision that now peoples are frenzy in using touchscreen smartphones, listening music using an Ipod. His invention of Iphone and iPod now set the standard of many things in the industry. In conclusion, I would like to state that without him we could not see the exciting things which we are now addicted to. Truly he is the man who not only made his Company the world largest in terms of market capitalization but also gave the customer more than their expectations.

Bio-diesel: Alternative Fuel Source Essay -- Petroleum Environment Eco

Bio-diesel: Alternative Fuel Source Introduction Currently today more than 99% of all fuel consumed is petroleum (3). In the year 2025 the world’s reserves of petroleum will be a dry source (7). Other than the shortage of petroleum, the burning of petroleum also causes many problems such as global warming. In this case, engineers and scientists need to come up with an alternative energy source for gasoline not only because of the shortage, but because of the environmental problems gasoline and other fossil fuels cause for the environment. Out of all forms of alternative fuels for vehicles bio-diesel seems to be the next alternative source of fuel, but more research needs to prove this assumption. In this report bio-diesel will be studied in more depth. The history of other sources of fuel will be looked at, along with the history of research being accomplished. The research stating the benefits of bio-diesel will be compared to the research on the negatives of this new fuel source. After the report one will be able to conclude if they believe that bio-diesel is the answer to the shortage of gasoline and the next choice as an alternative fuel. History of Fuels Engineers have been doing research for years on alternative fuels for gasoline. Research has included hydrogen cells, gas-to-liquid diesel fuel, and ethanol among many other different fuels. One of the most recent discoveries for an alternative fuel is bio-diesel. At this current time, Bio-diesel is considered one of the most promising new technologies for an alternative fuel source to gasoline. Bio-diesel may be defined as a group of esterified vegetable oils produced from different oil-containing crops. These crops include but at not limi... ...I 1999, no 76 pp1-88. (3) Understanding Biodiesel Fuel Quality and Performances. Weiksner JM Sr P.E, Crump Stephen L. PhD, and White Thomas L. PhD. 2003 December 12 #5 Journal Article Savannah River Site pp 1-6. (4) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel in an EMD GP38-2 Locomotive. Fritz S.G. Report# DOE/GO-102004-1872. 2004 May. pp 1-21. (5) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Impacts of Biodiesel Fuels on Air Quality and Human Health: Task 2 Report; The Impact of Biodiesel Fuels on Ozone Concentrations. Morris R.E., Mansell G.E., Jia Y. and Wilson G. Report # DOE NREL/SR-540-33795. 2003 May. pp 1-150. (6) Hofman Vern, Extension Agriculture Engineer. North Dakota University. Biodiesel Fuel. 2003 Feburary. pp 1-4. (7) Rifkin, Jeremy. The Hydrogen Economy. New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Penguin. 2002.

Induction Theory Essay

Karl popper made his contribution on the induction theory in Vienna during the period of Logical Positivism despite the fact that he was not a Positivist. Before Popper’s contribution, Hume, another philosopher had already critised the theory of induction saying that the theory could not provide rational support for their conclusion (Karl, Raimund P. , 2002). His argument was based on assumption that induction assumes unobserved events which follow the pattern of observed events and ultimately it could not be logically justified whether it was deductible or in-deductible(Nelson, 1992). Hume justified that the theory of induction does not hold since it’s not logically true (Marc, 2000). Later Karl Popper supported Hume’s opinion on induction theory by fact that it could not give amicable solution but disagreed with Hume’s suggestion that science yield no knowledge of the nature of the world. On Popper’s side, he strongly felt that induction theory can be replaced by the principle of conjecture and refutation. On the experimentation of conjecture, it’s not possible to give positive inductive reasons for thinking that they are true while we can give justification of thinking that they are false. To experiment this scenario we take Poppers deductive method of conjecture and refutation principle together with induction principle to test scientific hypothesis. We can determine the expected results if the hypothesis is true, we can say the hypothesis is inductively confirmed if our observation agrees with our expectation while using induction theory. Such criteria of reasoning is not deductively correct, hence as an inductive argument, it faces the problem of induction. It therefore provides a convectional justification that ‘H’ is true. And, given this and the truth of the first premise, ‘0’ would follow. But ‘0’contradicts ‘not 0’which is asserted by second premise. From the hypothesis we can conclude that its not possible for premises to be true and conclusion be false. Popper’s method of conjecture and refutation provide us with the global knowledge to avoid the problem of induction. Karl Popper also asserted that there is no rational method that can be used to evaluate scientist’s justification about the hypothesis, further, there is no sufficient and appropriate evidence that can inductively confirm the hypothesis, that it can give us a positive reason to think that our hypothesis are true. Popper Karl contributed too in improving the meaning theory by providing an alternative solution to positivist verification which sorted out the demarcation issues (Nelson, 1992). Before the invention of Positivist verification there was a major problem in differeciating legitimate scientific inquiry from aspects such as religion and pseudo science. His methodology of conjecture and refutation still provides another basis for distinguishing ‘science’ from ‘non science’ since it enables us to take a hypothesis to be scientifically investigated if and only it’s falsifiable (Karl, Raimund P. 2002). For a hypothesis to be false we only highlight any likelihood observable conditions under which one can judge to ascertain to be false. To justify that it is false that all crows are black, we must state some realistic observable situations. By so doing we can categorically be certain that it is surely false, in case we observed a white crow. So, the assertion that all crows are black can be scientifically investigated. Also for a claim that opium makes sleep since it has normative virtue. This is a pseudo-scientific explanation since it’s not possible to state any observation for us to ascertain it is false. It will not be realistic and permissible to assume for instance, that the total population in Texas is 50 people (in millions) while in actual sense its 45 million people. The presumption would only be having some degree of truth which could be realistically correct to around 0. 9 percentage of the total population which can be inherited with questionable justice. If for instance to say that Jack is ‘borderline tall’ so that ‘Jack is tall’ is assigned the value 0. , then there could be a necessarily falsehood that ‘Jack is tall but not very tall’ to get a value of 0. 5. The most definite disadvantage for relying on such logistics is that they do not dispense with any sharp transition for they only accommodate very gradual heap to non heap at the very expense of exposing a sharp transition from heap to borderline, and from bounder line to non-heap (Catherine, 1997). This can be illustrated by the problem of higher-order vagueness as below   Its shows from the above scenario that we avoid assigning more precise numerical figures as degree of truth since such assignment will not have any substance either (Karl, Raimund P. , 2002). This is because true statements ought to be somehow differeciated from true statements or to treat them as neither true nor false, and categorize them as those which could become true or false (Marc, 2000). Goodman was for the idea that no answers which neither nor justifies limitations of induction. This is because we can satisfactorily distinguish between deductive and in-deductive. This is what made Goodman make tremendous efforts towards formulating canons off inductive interference which had to emphasize on ‘Emerald1 is green and Emerald 2 is green’. Goodman’s new riddle approach on induction indicates that this is a false step since not all instances are confirmed by their instances. This pioneered the invention of the predicate ‘grue’which is defined as; an object is grue only and if only the object is (1) green, and has been observed before now,or (2),blue, and has been observed before. Such definition gives a clear definition by the condition on when the word ‘grue ‘applies to an object, nevertheless it creates a problem when used inductive argument. If experiment 2000 green emeralds it provides sufficient evidence of believing that both the next emerald to be experimented will definite be green after observation, and that it will be blue, but this is absurd, to this assumption will worsen the scenario because inductive theory has weakness with the word grue and possibly with inductive arguments involving green Grue, if in the first instance presumed to be illegitimate for it makes reference to a particular time and it’s defined by the outcome color of an observation if observed at the moment. This makes it appear to be artificial while in actual sense it natural which makes its use an illegitimate inductive arguments. By defining grue in of two more other predicates that is green and blue which are not very simple and elaborative makes it unusual. Goodman has also highlighted that differences between properties of being grue and green which is dependent for them to be restricted to properties. In analyzing evaluation techniques in Goodman‘s New Riddle of induction he ascertained that the bold techniques are most likely to attain the goal of reliably arriving at the most right answer, while the most skeptical technique does not at all mean that in skeptic there is violation of canon of rationality or may be false to recognize nature uniformity. The theoretic learning analysis wholly concedes to be skeptic regardless the many ravens observed in the past, the next one could be white(Catherine, 1997). The rationality of this is that if all observed ravens are generally black, the skeptic doesn’t answer the question that all ravens will be black. In generalization of emeralds where green and blue colors were used Nelson puzzled about new riddle induction by performing the following experiment: supposing that all the examined emeralds before a particular time y are green, our evidence statements indicates that emerald n is green and so on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦examining another spices which is less familiar than green it is the predicate ‘blue’ and this could mean that it applies to all items which were examined before y just incase they were green but to other things just incase they are blue. In such scenario the challenge is to we should conjecture that all emeralds are green rather than that all emeralds are grue when we obtain a sample of green emeralds examined before. We can still analyze induction theory in making projections, for instance a natural projection rule which conjectures that all emeralds are green as long as only green emeralds are found, and grue, some rule which keeps projecting the next grue predicate consistency with available evidence (Peter, 2003). The theory of meaning from philosophers’ analysis has been difficult to come up with a very clear definition of meaning theory this has been generally because meaning can only be specified by its wording and syntax. This is because only words or marks put on a paper can generate a meaning. Sentence is a composition of prepositions which indicate satisfactory conditions to make each sentence correct. Aspects such as beliefs, hopes and intention which explain speaker’s nervous system are found in the context of language.

Kim’s TimeLine Essay

There was a time when textbooks, a chalkboard, a set of encyclopedias, and a map of the world were considered teaching aids; boy how times have changed.   Today all we have to do is flip on a computer, and the world comes to us in a matter of seconds.   In today’s modern world teachers have access to an almost infinite amount of information.   There are so many websites out there that cater strictly to educators, and their students. For example, one website that seems to be getting a lot of attention from teachers and their students, is one that a teacher created herself; her name is Kim.   I will explore her website, along with other teaching aid websites, and see how they rate against hers.   First of all let’s start with a basic outline of my research paper, and in what manner we are going to address the following questions: Explain the method of Kim’s TimeLine? Give a critique of Kim’s ideas, and how they relate to the TimeLine? List the advantages of Kim’s Time Line, from a student’s point of view? List the disadvantages of Kim’s TimeLine, from a student’s point of view. Introduce other teaching aid websites, along with journal articles, and how they measure up to Kim’s TimeLine? Give an objective conclusion of the researched material?   The purpose of this research paper is to focus on these six questions. Explain the method of Kim’s TimeLine?   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you click onto Kim’s TimeLine, a picture of a chalkboard, and an idiom: Kim’s Korner for Teacher Talk, along with a yellow sun, pops onto your computer screen.   Then in large black letters the following slogan grabs your attention: IDEAS FOR TEACHING THE WRITING PROCESS.   Kim then introduces five steps of her writing process: Prewriting, Writing, Revising, Editing, Proofreading, and Publishing.   The webpage also includes General Ideas For Teaching the Writing Process, such as: Writing Process Timeline, The Writing Process, Implementing the Writing Process, Sample Listing of Specific Writing Strategies (for each step), Ten Ways to Emphasize the Writing Process.   (Writing Process 2006) Give a Critique of Kim’s Ideas and How They Relate to the TimeLine?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be honest with you, I really enjoyed browsing over Kim’s TimeLine website, and     found it to be non-threatening.   The information was laid out in an extremely simplistic manner, and I could actually picture students, along with their instructors, using and benefiting from the information that this teaching aid provides. List the Advantages of Kim’s TimeLine, From a Students Point of View?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I already mentioned, the TimeLine is incredibly easy to operate.   If you view the TimeLine through a student’s eyes, you will appreciate how the website makes you feel totally comfortable, and non-intimidated, in regards to the information that the TimeLine is trying to convey to you as a student. Before I began this research paper, I have to admit that I was filled with a certain amount of anxiety, and stress; I wondered if I’d do a satisfactory job.   But then to my delight, I noticed that Kim’s TimeLine had a section that dealt with apprehension, and worry.   Her coping strategies with writing anxiety goes as follows: Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head. Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones. If you have some â€Å"rituals† for writing success, use them. (Kim’s TimeLine 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So stepping into a student’s shoes, I put her coping tactics to the test; and guess what?   They actually worked.   I honestly thought that the TimeLine, like the majority of website based teachers’ aids was going to be extremely hard to understand.   Either that, or it was going to be some archaic method of teaching.   Without sounding like some cheesy infomercial, I’m glad that I was wrong, and would strongly recommend the TimeLine to both students, and their teachers. List the Disadvantages of Kim’s TimeLine, From a Students Point of View?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once again I put my feet into a student’s shoes, and tried especially hard to find the tiniest amount of a blemish with Kim’s web-sight, but was unsuccessful in my efforts.   The only flaw I could find, didn’t involve the content of her TimeLine, but instead, how long her website address is: address: http://www.kimskorner4teachertalk.com/writing/general/timeline.html Introduce Other Teaching Aid Websites, Along With Journal Articles, And How They Measure Up To Kim’s TimeLine?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As this assignment mentions in its instructions, the internet provides you with so much information that you must develop a discriminating taste when it comes to the value of a website.   I totally concur with this assertion, and acknowledge that there is an endless amount of   facts and figures over the internet.   But how does this relate to Kim’s TimeLine?   Well in accordance to the assignment’s instructions I have chosen five teachers’ aids websites, and will evaluate them.   I will also distinguish how these websites measure up to Kim’s TimeLine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first website is called â€Å"Free TeachingAids.com.†Ã‚   I found this website to be formless and vague, kind of like a big budget movie with a plot that goes nowhere.   (freeteachingaids.com 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second website was simply titled, â€Å"Teachers’ Aids†.   This website was similar to Kim’s TimeLine.   It was non-intimidating, and from a student’s perspective, they will appreciate the fact that it is straightforward, and to the point.   But nevertheless, as far as a writing tool goes, I would still have to put Kim’s TimeLine above this one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third website I chose was Java Applets for Teaching of AstroPhysics.   Demonstrating the contrast between Kim’s TimeLine, and this website, would be like comparing apples and oranges; they’re entirely diverse.   Astrophysics is not my cup of tea, however, if it was, I would urge those who plan a career in this field to definitely click onto this website.   It has an easy to follow table of contents, along with an uncomplicated simple to follow outline.   Key words are highlighted, and accompanied with a unproblematic definition.   (JK’s Applets for Teaching Astrophysics 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fourth website is called â€Å"Classic Teaching Resources†, and deals with mnemonics, and other little tricks of the trade to help you as a student, memorize course material.   It focuses on: grammar, music, dates and other numbers, and association and other subjects.   The site was started by David Parsons, he articulates: â€Å"As a former teacher of Latin, Greek and Classical Civilization for nearly 25 years I have accumulated much teaching material to share, and also know what I would have liked readily available.   This site is a small contribution to the teaching of classical subjects.†Ã‚   (Classic Latin Greek Teaching Aids 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fifth, and last website I will compare to Kim’s TimeLine is termed Parliament : Teachers’ centre.   Like the first website, â€Å"Free TeachingAids.com†, I found it to be unclear, and for lack of a better term, some what indistinct.   It offers an index of topics, so that you can select a subject that is to your liking; but that’s about it.   It was designed to educate would be British citizens in attaining their British citizenship credentials.   (Teaching Citizenship Resource Centre and British Citizenship Teaching Aids 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teaching aids aren’t only getting noticed on the internet, they’re also getting acknowledgment in the mass media, such as magazine articles.   In an influential article, written by Greifner, she reports: â€Å"To help teachers discuss the most current events.   Weekly Reader is also launching electronic Classroom News Breaks this fall.   The e-mailed lesson plans will offer age-appropriate information, reproducible pages, and the web links about significant world news within 24 hours of the event’s occurrence.†Ã‚   (Education week 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another article gives teachers’ an internet â€Å"Book Study† guide: Gary Paulsen: webenglishteacher.com/paulsen.html This rich resource has lesson plans and activities for all ages.   Plans include an integrated unit and a PowerPoint guide for creating a survival kit. Teacher Cyber guide – Hatchet sdco-k12.ca.us/score/hatch/hatchettg.htm This lesson plan contains language arts content standards, student activities and web resources for a study of the book. Hatchet, mce.k12tn.net/survival/hatchet/hatchet.htm A well-organized resource divided by book chapter.   Each chapter category has online (and printable) questions for your book study, activities that tie into the chapter themes, writing lessons and vocabulary activities.   (Teaching Prek-8 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The web isn’t the only electronic medium that today’s teachers are using in the classroom.   Video games have made it into our scholarly institutions, as this article declares: Video games teach deductive reasoning, memory, strategies, and often, content area knowledge.   Teachers like Bill Mackenty, a computer specialist at the Edgartown School on Martha’s Vineyard, give praise to Playstation.   It states that with teacher involvement and guidance, video games can be a powerful classroom learning tool.   (Instructor 2006) Objective Conclusion of the Researched Material   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this thesis I have presented you with both facts, and opinions.   In order for me to remain free of any bias, I must end this research paper by equally supporting, and expressing the disadvantages of Kim’s Timeline, and teaching aids like it.   To sum things up I concur that Kim’s TimeLine, and websites like hers are needed in today’s schools; however, like the instructions of this assignment states, â€Å"There is so much information over the internet, that you must develop a discriminating taste, when it comes to the value of a website.† References Greifner.   L.   (2006.   September 27)   .   Weekly Reader Gets New Look.   Education Week  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26 Mitchell.   K.   (2006.   September )   .   Getting to the Heart of a Story.   Teaching PreK-8   66-66. Instructor.   (2006).   Playing To Learn.   Instructor   116.   22-22 Classic Teaching Resources.   (October 25, 2006).   Classic Latin Greek Teaching Aids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 25, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.parsonsd.co.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   uk/teaching-aids.php Free TeachingAids.com.   (October 25, 2006).   Educators Progress Service, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 25, 2006 from the World Wide Web:http://www.freeteaching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   aids. Com Java Applets for Teaching of AstroPhysics.   (October 25, 2006).   JK’s Applets for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teaching Astrophysics.   Retrieved October 25, 2006 from the World Wide Web:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://astro.u-strasbg.fr~koppen/apindex.html Kim’s Korner for Teacher Talk.   (October 25, 2006).   Writing Process.   Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   October 25, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   /handouts/gl_anxiety.html Parliament : Teachers’ centre.   (October 25, 2006).   Teaching Citizenship Resource   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Centre and British Citizenship Teaching Aids.   Retrieved October 25, 2006 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the World Wide Web: http://www.explore.parliament.uk/parliament.aspx?id=17 Teacher’s Aids.   (October 25, 2006).   MFL 195: Teachers’ Aids.   Retrieved October 25,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006 from the World Wide Web: http://facweb.furman.edu/~pecoy/mf195/aides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   html

The Invisible Hand of The Market

The Invisible Hand of The Market Invisible hand is the term first introduced by Adam Smith and it refers to the balancing force that creates mutually beneficial exchange for everyone. The invisible hand is a term attributed to the 18th-century economist Adam Smith and appears in his landmark 1776 book, The Wealth of Nations. The term developed from Smith’s study of another classical economist, Richard Cantillon, and was used metaphorically by Smith to describe the â€Å"natural forces† that drive free markets, a kind of product the human nature of people interacting in the market. The term only appears twice in Smith’s book (he had used it in an earlier work in 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, but in a philosophical rather than economic context), but has grown to be cited, and often misinterpreted, as one of Smith’s most important concepts. What is the Invisible Hand? In a free, unregulated market, competition for scarce resources encourages market participants to act to maximize their self-interest. â€Å"Maximizing self-interest† is a typical economic textbook term that is often not clearly explained, probably because it sounds a little more dignified than â€Å"seeking to purchase resources at the lowest or most efficient costs, and seeking to sell goods, services, or assets for the highest obtainable profit.† Even though no one is acting for the benefit of anyone else, the self-interests balance each other, creating a mutually beneficial exchange for everyone. This â€Å"balancing force† is what Adam Smith metaphorically called the â€Å"invisible hand†. WHAT IS FIAT MONEY? In simple terms, if consumers and producers are both free to look out for the own interests, an equilibrium will be created. Consumers generate demand for goods, and producers respond by developing efficient production and distribution methods to meet the demand at the lowest possible cost; prices are regulated by competition, which is in turn created by the consumer demand. Society benefits as a whole, because as prices decrease due to competitive pressure and greater efficiency, volume increases; this obliges producers to pay more for labor to keep up with demand, which increases costs and prices, which are canceled out by the higher purchasing power of the now better-paid worker/consumers. Everyone gets what they want in increasing amounts, and no one has to worry about anything other than their own needs and desires. Misinterpretation and Controversy The idea of the â€Å"invisible hand† is popular with Objectivists and adherents of the Ayn Rand philosophy of â€Å"every man for himself†, but interestingly, the term in modern usage is applied to a section of Smith’s Wealth of Nations where it does not even appear. The idea that self-interested competition leads to larger social benefits appears early in the book, in Book I, Chapter 7, but the actual phrase â€Å"invisible hand† does not appear until Book IV, Chapter 4 in the following passage: â€Å"By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.† The idea that Smith expresses – that individual ambition has greater benefits – is a common theme throughout The Wealth of Nations, but the way Smith uses the metaphor of the â€Å"invisible hand† specifically refers to domestic versus foreign industry. Because the metaphor is consistent with Smith’s philosophical theme, it has been used to underpin the entire philosophy of neoclassical economics; George Stigler, a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics and close friend of Milton Friedman, once famously greeted a symposium on Smith’s work by saying, â€Å"I bring you greetings from Chicago, where Adam Smith is alive and well.† Much of the confusion about what Smith actually said and intended in his own work and the apparent source of the neoclassical application of the metaphor is the 1948 book Economics by Paul Samuelson, in which he quotes Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† passage in a way that combines a bit of Smithâ€⠄¢s explanation of self-interest among market participants with the original quotation, thus linking the metaphor – perhaps inaccurately, perhaps not – to Smith’s entire economic philosophy. Despite Dr. Stigler’s amusing greeting, Adam Smith is not, in fact, alive and well to add further insight to the argument over what he really meant, so the safest interpretation is an analysis of what he actually wrote. The market participant prefers domestic industry to foreign industry, and we can infer reasons why this might be so; costs of production and transportation are lower, the goods produced are more suitable to the local market because of more available and complete information, and as a consequence of all that, prices for the goods that are produced are lower. Because the domestic industries are preferred for those reasons alone, the domestic society benefits through the need for labor to produce goods and raw materials – a positive, unintended consequence of the market participants’ pure self-interest. Thus social benefit is created as if guided by an â€Å"invisible hand†. Criticism of the â€Å"Invisible Hand† The strongest argument against the validity of the metaphor, and its consequential idea that markets should be allowed to regulate themselves, comes from the Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz, who wrote in his book The Roaring Nineties that, â€Å"the reason that the invisible hand often seems invisible is that it is often not there.† Free markets have certain limitations, according to Stiglitz, one of the most important being their inability to manage â€Å"externalities†. Stiglitz holds that the idea of unintended benefits being allowed to happen without some sort of accounting is irrational; if a person’s actions create a benefit for someone else for which he is not compensated, or if a person benefits from another’s actions without cost to himself, that person will adjust his activities accordingly – either reduce his activity to prevent â€Å"giving something away for free,† or reduce his activity to avoid paying for more tha n he needs, since he is receiving some of it at no cost. MONEY MAKES THE WORLD GO AROUND Stiglitz argues that any time there is imperfect information and some degree of risk uncertainty in markets – which is always – these â€Å"externalities†, which we can understand as â€Å"forces other than the supposed invisible hand and conceptual equilibrium of an efficient market†, are always present and make the market less efficient because market participants â€Å"hold back† a little. That is why, he says, that some of the most important developments in modern civilization, such as the telegraph, genetic advances in food production, and the internet, did not develop in markets but were supported by governments. In other words, some degree, hopefully, a balanced degree, of government intervention in markets is necessary, first to â€Å"take up the slack† in progress towards efficiency that is not happening in markets, and second to reduce risk uncertainty in ways such as enforcing contracts and protecting property rights.