Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana EssayThe politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana point that is, after WWII the United States is known to have helped the hu art object being establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted opposite countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a modernistic universe order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to squeeze the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, hegemony, is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, hegeisthai, inwardness to lead (What is Hegemony, 2007). In the ancient Greek polish the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegem ons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (What is Hegemony).Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in international dealings One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period.The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a material condition enabling a great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to commence such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). Also according to the author, the Western worlds hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the internal behaviour of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of internal behaviour bring on by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large tote up of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones.Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the standards of civilization, which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). each the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. concord to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars.The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the countrys power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36).Pressures were exerted through conditionality, that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in uppercase D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. authorities as a distinguish currency, both before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). This allowed the U. S. to be less restrained than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson).Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an coalescency of states in other words, NATO which was committed to the containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). In fact, th e chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (ofttimes Asked Questions, 2008).If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership patch among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its example of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of Pax is Peace). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States.Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramscis definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definitio n may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (Hegemony in Gramscis skipper prison house Notebooks). The fact that the United States decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallersteins (2002) conjecture that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War.Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the liberation of man and the survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). Hence, Gramscis definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile impe rialist nation.According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority alternatively of military force. Thus, a ruling crystallise may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with dominant ideologies, thereby creating a state of domination (Hainsworth). Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be classless in nature. In particular, the subordinate grou ps should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas.The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force employ by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (Hegemony in Gramscis Original Prison Notebooks). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may unimpeachably be understood in the light of Gramscis definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world.The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, i t is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States.As the U. S. promoted anti communistic ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies.ReferencesBeck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11).North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http//www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramscis Hegemony Theory and the ideologic Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http//www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramscis Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http//socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

Investigating Castle Mall management Essay Example for Free

Investigating go M exclusively counselling EssayThe castle m entirely is a shopping sum total located in the centre of Norwich. It is owned by the insurance company Friends Provident. Friends provident employ a whole film directorial team who run the centre. This is called sloppedhold stroll Management. This is what I will be investigating in my project.E1 Public and Private Limited Companies (PLC)Castle mall circumspection Ltd is a private limited company (ltd). A private company is a moving in with limited liability whose sh ars atomic number 18 non available to the public. A Public limited company (PLC) is a business with limited liability whose sh ars be not available to the public.PLCs are required by law to publish their accounts. This means that they are available for scrutiny, not scarce by the owners (shareholders), potential investors, and bankers, al sensation also, by competitors.The Memorandum of Association must state inducely that the business is a p ublic company and it must be registered as such. The term plc must appear after its name.The differences between the two, private and public limited companies are A public company plenty produce capital of the United States from the general public, while a private company is prohibited from doing so. The minimum capital requirement of a public company is 50,000. There is no minimum for a private company. Public companies must publish far much detailed accounts than private companies.Advantages1) The shareholders piddle limited liability.2) It is easy to raise capital by issuing more shares.3) It is much easier to raise finance beca hire the banks are much more willing to lend m championy to a bad, well established, as they crack it as much less of a rise.4) This all leads it easier for the PLC to grow and expand.5) The shareholders will appoint specialists to manage and runt the company for them.Disadvantages1) Setting up a public limited company is expensive. There is a lot of administration hightail it involved and at least 50 000 has to be raised beforehand a PLC stomach be set up.2) The PLC has to issue much more nurture ab tabu itself and this again is precise expensive to produce. It has to prepare and annul underwrite as well as Annual Accounts and these induct to be printed and direct to all the shareholders. They also available to the general public and competitors to see.3) The extent to which any one individual, or separate, flock husband control of an organisation is severely limited by the sale of its shares on the stock exchange. A family whitethorn find their square up on a business diminished when a listing is obtained.In turn, this means that publicly quoted companies are al ship itinerary vulnerable to take over bid. This may affect the decisions taken by directors.For example, they may be more inclined to cut back on mental facultying during a recession, whereas a private firm would need to hold on to experienced staff for when the economy starts to recover.E6 CommunicationsThere has to be communion between each member of staff for the company to manipulation properly. I will now look at how this can be done within the company.Uses of communication To contact each other To reserve deals To reserve instructions To give or receive information To exchange ideas To announce plans or strategies To compare actual results against a plan To lay down rules and procedures product line descriptions, organisation charts or manualsDirection of communication noble InformalVertical Vertical* Downwards Between peers, friends or-From superior to subordinate. Colleagues.* Upwards Could be given up as From subordinate to superior emotional support.Or to organise a functionHorizontal or lateral or party. People of the aforementioned(prenominal) rank,(In the same sectionOr in different sectors)DiagonalInterdepartmental communication by people of different ranks.Methods of communicationA) Face to face communica tions Formal neating Word of m erupth Interviews Informal contactB) Oral communication The telephone Public address systemC) Written communication Letters, external place systems Memorandum, internal mail system Reports Forms Notice board News garners, bulletins, ho occasion journals Organisation manual, handbook, leafletD) Visual communication Charts Films, PowerPoint PresendationE7/A3 superior Control* Quality is one of the ingredients in the purchasing decision of consumers, who demand ever-increasing levels of quality* Any firms that ignore the quality aspect of both inputs and outputs risk losing market share to those firms who shuffle it a priority.Quality is defined by the CustomerW E Deming (American Quality Guru)Quality Defined* It is difficult to provide a single description for quality as it means different subjects to different groups of people. Certainly the perception of the node is a key element.hither are some of the minimum requirements for customer satisfac tion* Fitness For PurposeThe product can do what is it meant to do. This is a useful definition as it can be applied to a entire variety of products, including cheap products such as disposable pens.* Meeting the minimum standards prescribed by acts of parliamentsHealth and Safety, Weights and Measures and Trade Description Legislation provides a profound framework for minimum standards across a wide range of groovys.* Meeting trade association standardsSome industries charter self regulating bodies that guarantee their members work, e.g. the bailiwick family line grammatical construction council.In final analysis it is the customers perceptions of quality that sincerely matter, firms must strive to convince the market that their product/service is the best revalue for silver.Quality Control SystemsIn the past, Quality Control in the UK meant inspecting the product after accomplishment has taken place. In other words it was a faultfinding(prenominal) exercise.Today qual ity control it is all about building in quality at each stage of intersection. Such a preventative onslaught reduces the high costs of rejects and re-working. The Japanese perfected this is known asTotal Quality Management (TQM)Basic features of TQM are* The establishment of culture of quality among all employees* The recognition of quality chains where each stage of production is treated as a separate customer to be valued and looked after* The use of Quality Circles* Empowerment of workforce* The emphasis on after-sales service as well as quality manufacture.TQM is not a wariness tool but a Philosophy. Requiring a complete mind shift on behalf of the entire company (Managers and employees)Quality InitiativesIn recent old age these make up been many initiatives introduced to dish firms to extend to Assurance.QualityQuality AssuranceRefers to all of the activities that ensure the satisfactory bringing of honorables and services to end customer.Quality Assurance refers to al l of the activities that ensure the satisfactory deli really of goods and services to the end customer.Key factors include* The quality of inputs such as raw materials and components* The quality of the design process so that the products meet customer requirements whilst politic being economic to manufacture* To appropriate skill level of the workforce and its commitment to quality assurance* The quality control methods used in the production process* The quality of advice at the purchasing point and after-sales serviceThe Main Initiatives Have IncludedTQMA philosophy of qualityQUALITY CIRCLESAn informal watchword group drawn from all parts and levels of the business that meets regularly to discuss quality problemsKAIZENAn approach to advocates continuos improved in small steps rather than a competitive overhaul of the production system.BENCHMARKINGIdentifying the best practice of the leading firms and using that as a yard stick with which to measure ones own performanceISO 9000A n worldwide quality certification procedureZERO DEFECTSA philosophy that encourages all employees to strive for the ultimate goal of a perfect productTRAININGWhere management has recognised that for quality to be assured a quality culture must be implemented at each stage of the process it is commanding therefore to train all employees to have the requisite skills, both for their direct tasks and for quality monitoringQuality can be achieved in diverse directions but the ultimate goal is to satisfy the customer, which of course is a constantly moving objective.The thing is that Castle piazza Management does not sell anything. This can be a problem when trying to implement quality control. To over induce this they have to vet the stores they have in the centre and illuminate sure that they use quality control. This would help oneself castle mall management reach their objectives especially the briny objective to make a amplification. As Castle Mall management do not sell anyth ing they cant run authorized procedures. This means that the design and production side is out of their hands, but is it? If they indispensability to be really sure of what they are getting into they can agree with the firm or business to have an input into what they are selling. For example, they could check the production side of a chocolate shop making sure that their production line is of a high standard and that they are not breaking any laws. Another thing they could check, although not directly liked with quality is where the product is make. If a product is made in a small 3rd world country with the staff getting paid for example 50p a day they might disagree with this and not allow the shop to trade in their centre. I believe that one of their objectives should be to help the customer in buying a quality product.The use of quality control to add value.* Adding value For landlord* Increase foot pedigree* Increase spending* Operate a profitable environmentCity* Investment in the city* PrecencePopulation* Provides jobs* Provide social outlets* Sponsorships* Castle Mall is the only underground shopping centre in Western Europe. This makes it a landmarkE2/E3/C1 The objectives of Castle Mall ManagementObjectives A statement of what an organisation wants to achieveObjectives are a statement of what an organisation wants to achieve through its operation. A firms formal objective is given in its memorandum of association, and larger firms may publicly state their general philosophy and values in a list of objectives. For most PLCs profit is only one goal among others.Objectives provide criteria for decision-making. Most firms normalize these general objectives into more dynamic aims, which are intended to drive the organisation forwards in the chosen direction. Mission statements are focused declarations of intent, designed to modify staff at all levels to work in common cause.In practice the overall objectives of a large firm need translating into terms that have meaning for each operation or function. This may mean that one objective is particularly highlighted.1) The Main objective is to make a profit. They have to make a profit in order to ensure that the investors i.e. Friends Provident get bring round on their investment. This is the main objective of most businesses they set out to make money. If they do not wherefore they are considered a failure.2) To provide a Safe and secure environment for their customers. In order to make a profit people have to come in to the centre. If possible customers feel that the centre is secure and they will be good thence they may visit and return for all their needs. If they consider the centre and car parks not to be safe then they will not visit as they feel that they or their property is not safe.3) To increase footfall per year. The footfall is the amount of people that visit the centre in a measured time. The more people that come in the more chance of them buying items and the Castle Mall making a profit. Even if a non-customer walks through the centre everyday on the way to work then they may see a shop or an item in a window, which they may come back and buy it when they want it.4) To increase amounts of visits per psyche. This is not the same as footfall as footfall is the amount of people who visit the mall, whereas the 4th objective is to increase how many clock one person visits in a measured period. Again more visits means potentially more profit.5) To increase visits from within a large catch-ment area. difficult to gain custom from shops in a large catch-ment area. This means trying to get potential customers from other places of Norfolk up to a 1-hour drive away.6) For customers to stay drawn-out when they get there. The longer the customer stays the more money they are likely to spend. also with plenty of food restaurants in the mall if people are there a long time then they may get hungry and buy food. This will help increase profit.The overall objective all the objectives lead to is toMake a profit.E4 The Functional areas of Castle Mall management LtdThe main functional areas of Castle Mall Management Ltd are* Marketing* Accounts* presidency* Security* Human resources* Food Court* Customer serviceEach area has its own responsibilities and objectives. Next I will explain each areas responsibleness* Marketing Public Relations Advertising-Briefing the creative/media buying agencies-Approving copy and schedules-Ensuring targets and deadlines are met Web Site Christmas Decorations Promotions-Events-Displays-Activities Research Sponsorship Buying -Maintaining stock levels-Existing literature-Briefing in new requirements-Checking prints quality-Distribution Health and Safety checks on displays* AccountsThe accounts section of Castle Mall Management Ltd looks after the money side of the company. This can involve checking and run all the money side of the centre. This can range from making sure people have paid their rent and how much they should have paid to enumeration the money that is put into the car park pay machines. This is a very important side of the company as without them they would not get any money in and staff would not get paid etc.* AdministrationAdmin look after the themework side of the company. This can involve writing to perspective clients and customers with information about the centre. Also it can involve internal communication helping the company run. Without the admin department the company could not run, this is because they basically sort everything out. If a letter needs to be sent, a contract needs to be singed or a delivery needs to be taken admin are there, if they cannot sort it out then they can contact a someone who can.* SecurityThe security department is a very important in the Castle Mall. Weather you see them or not they are alship canal there. There are a team of highly trained security staff patrolling the Mall 24/7. This offers a visual presence for the custome rs, making them feel safe and secure. What the customers dont see is the main control room where the operation is run from. Here they control over 50 cameras. Some of these are visual to the customer, some a hidden Matchbox cameras which can be hidden basically anywhere. The CCTV system is very important in the mall, if a business office is spotted then the security guards can be contacted by radio and told any information they need to sort it. The security staffs also are called into action when there is a fire alarm. When this happens the mall is evacuated and the fire service is called, when they arrive its the security guards job to show them to the area where the alarm is. When the all clear is given it is the guards job to let everybody back into the mall. From shoplifters to lost customers the security guards are helping the mall function properly.* Human ResourcesThe human resources department is in heyday of the employment side of the company. This can involve placing adv erts in the paper for a new position, looking at the application forms. Deciding on candidates and then interviewing them. They would then have to decide on a new employee with their experience and knowledge.* Food CourtThe food court has a different sort of agreement with Castle Mall Management, they are directly accountable to Castle Mall Management Ltd as there targets are set by them. If they are struggling to meet this Deadlines Castle Mall Management will intervene and try and sort the problem. As they have this relationship the profits they make are shared with Castle Mall Management. This is a pre-arranged agreement, which was sorted when the mall opened. As the food court is a large part of the mall and is closely linked with Castle Mall Management they have their own omnibus within Castle Mall Management. It is their job to make sure that the food court are meeting their targets and are running with no problems.* Customer ServiceThe customer service desk and team have a l arge area to cover. They basically look after the customers of the mall. Here are some of the areas they cover. data services for the mall and local area. Security Car parking Disabled parking and access Disability service Shopmobility learning leaflets Public relations informing public about evens Baby changing facilities Good signage and directions First aid Directory leafletsAlso the customer service desk is also the beginning(a) place to make a complaint. It depends on the nature of the complaint as to how it is dealt with. However, all that make a complaint will get a letter of some kind of response from the centre motorcoach. All complaints are dealt with as soon as possible. If necessary clients/customers will be invited backs and helped. One example is when a fire alarm went off and a mother with a toddler with a pushchair had to carry the pushchair down flights of stairs because she had taken the vilify turning. She aired her concerns to CMM Ltd who invited her back to show her that there was an access/ exit especially for disabled/pushchair access. This alleviated her concerns and she is more than likely to return to the shopping centre because her concerns were dealt with efficiently and effectively.Complaints cam be made either through the information desk or by post.Customer fills in formThey will then be sent to the management suite where the corresponding manager will deal with it.Investigation carried outAnd acted uponE5/C2/A1/A2 Organisational social structuresWhen you look at the structure of Castle Mall Management it looks, as it is hierarchical (See additional page 1). This is not 100% true, when I asked Erik Kirk the manager of Castle Mall management Ltd he described them as having elements of all structures and cultures.Organisational structures can be described as vapid, hierarchical or matrix shaped. Where decision-making is decentralised, the structure tends to be flat. This means that managers and the staff are given wide ra nging responsibilities in deciding what to buy, what prices to charge and which staff to employ etc.An organisational structure where decision-making is decentralised it can be described as flat because it does not have many layers.A disadvantage of this type of organisation is that decision-making can be slow. For example any decision that is made this way can take a long time. However, the decision-makers have the advantage of being close to the others day to day activities. In other words there is not along line of communication between the decision-maker and the work to be done. The most extreme version of this is the sole trader who does all the work and carries out all the decisions of the business.Some organisations have in recent years cut out layers in the middle management with the aim of improving communication and decision-making. It can be called de-layering this has had the effect of widening the span of control of the managers who are left.This means that managers can become overwhelmed by the information coming to them and the quality of decision-making suffers. The managers start to loose control over practices and procedures.Narrow Span of control roomy Span of controlAn alternate way to run the business is to centralise operations. This approach takes decision-making power away from junior staff. This resulting structure is described as hierarchical. ranking(prenominal) staff makes all-important decisions. Below is an organisational chart showing a centralised structure it has several layers of command and is pyramid shaped, i.e. wide at the bottom and destine at the crystallise. Most large businesses are organised in a hierarchical structure. The senior managers are responsible for taking decisions affecting the whole, or large parts of the businesses whilst shop floor workers mainly carry out decisions made by others.ManagerSenior supervisor Senior supervisorJunior executive program Junior Supervisor Junior Supervisor Junior Superviso rShop Floor Workers Shop Floor WorkersThe Key advantage of a hierarchy is that it allows strong lead and centralised decision making. It ensures that the organisation has a consistent policy, approach or activity.A problem with hierarchy is that the line of communication between top and bottom might be quite long. There are layers of people who to receive and pass on information and at each stage the Information can be reinterpreted or misinterpreted. One way of avoiding this problem is to delegate decision-making. This means that people within the organisation are given the authority to make decisions themselves rather tan wait for instructions from the top.Advantages and Disadvantages of centralisationAdvantages* Bulk buying reduces costs* Fewer staff are required in the whole operation.* The background for specialisation increases* Producers such as ordering and purchasing can be standardised* Planning and control tends to be more effective* Decisions are made for the good of t he company rather than the branch* Leadership is likely to be stronger and more consistentDisadvantages* Middle managers may be less motivated because they have less responsibility* Local needs are less likely to be met* There is less flexibility* There may be more administration* Communications between different sections might be poor* The burdens of management is more concentrated to the centreMore example of StructuresLocation consort Breweries LtdCalsberg/ Allied Breweries AlliedTetley UK Netherlands BreweriesTradingWorld-wideProductAllied Lyons PLCSpirits Retailing Brewing Food+ ManufacturingWholesalingSome organisations have structures that cannot be described as flat or hierarchical. They use tears that cut across traditional departmental boundaries. Sometimes the tears are permanent, in other cases the are brought together for a specific purpose. Project tears are increasingly being used by businesses to develop new products. Such tears have MATRIX STRUCTURES. In that the ha ve members drawn from several departments.One example of a project team is the one Rover used to develop the 600 series. From the start of the project, stylists, manufacturing, production engineers, production line operates and suppliers all worked together. All team members had the authority to act without consistent referral to senior management.StylistsEngineers Team Leaders Production lineOperatesSuppliersHow does the organisational structure affect its performanceThe organisational structure of Castle Mall Management (or as they call it the Family Tree) has a hierarchical shape. This means that there is one main centre manager. The centre manager Eric Kirk then goes directly to a deputy centre manager. They then lead directly to four other managers of separate divisions. The marketing, food court, security and administration manager all then head a team in that department except the marketing manager who has no team and works closely to the deputy and main manager. The structu re shows that the centre manager has direct input to the four division managers.I believe that having a structure of this sort will be successful. This is because everyone has a link with everybody else. If there is a problem then there is always someone there to sort it. Also as the main manager has close links with most of the staff under him so if he makes a request they may not mind carrying it out.I think that the structure helps Castle Mall Management meet and exceed its objectives because they work well as a team. This is because everyone is linked with everyone and there is always someone to help you out if need be. You see how important they find these as they call there structure the Family Tree. This can help with all objectives, especially the objective, to make it a safe and secure place for the customers to shop. If the employees believe they are doing a important job and feel wanted as a part of a team then they may put more effort. This means that they may make the e xtra little bit of effort to clean a spillage etc.The management cultureThe management culture of a business is how the people very high on the hierarchy act to the lower down employees and their associates. It depends on how managers act, if they disunite people what to do or if they leave it up to them to make their own decisions.A good model to show this is the leading continuum.Autocratic sort Participative style Free-Rain StyleConsultative Consensus DemocraticAutocratic styleAn autocratic leader maintains most of the authority by issuing orders and telling what to do without consulting them. To the autocrat, the basis for lead is formal authority. Autocratic leaders may have a few favourite subordinates but they usually regard close interpersonal relationships with group members as superfluous. The autocratic style of leader is generally in disfavour in modern organisations.Participative styleA participate leader is one who shares decision-making authority to the group. Pa rticipative leadership occupies enough space on the continuum to warrant dividing it into three subtypes Consultative, Consensual and democratic.A Consultative leader solicits opinions from the group before making a decision, yet does not feel obliged to accept the groups thinking. A standard way to practice consultative leadership would be call a group a group meeting to discuss an issue before making a decision.A Consensual leader encourages group discussion about an issue and then makes a decision that reflects the general agreement of group members. Consensual leaders thus turn over more authority to the group than consultative leaders do. The consensus leadership style results in long delays in decision making because every party involved provides input.Free-rain style or laissez-faire styleA Laissez Faire or Free Rain leader turns over almost all authority to the group members and does as little leading as possible. Given a situation in which the work to be done by each empl oyee is clearly defined, weather it is sorting coupons or cutting gears with laser beam, such leaders maintain a hands-off policy. They make few attempts to increase productiveness or to coach their employees. At times the free-rain leader is a abdicator who cares very little for productivity goals or developing subordinates. Erik Kirk of Castle Mall management is certainly not like this as he has very high targets and standards.As with any leadership style, there are some situations in which an autocratic style is appropriate. One example is a high-accident work area where the employees are not particularly knowledgeable about the potential risks. Many autocratic leaders have been successful as high-level leaders in the private and public sectors. One good example of this is taken from Management and organisation by DuBrin, Ireland and Williams. Jack Traimiel, the controversial executive who has occupied key positions at both Commodore and Atari. A co-worker of Tramiels said, Comm odore was the house that jack built, and when he left the company, so did the spirit, the aggressiveness and the drive. Decision making also went by the waysideCastle Mall Management are democratic and laissez-faire at times but are autocratic at times of* New EmployeesNew employees may not know about certain parts of the business so if they make decisions however small they could make curtail mistakes, which could cost money or customers. Also if they are not taught they may never learn a certain technique and carry on using the wrong way forever.* Health and safetyHealth and safety is very important as it involves the welfare of workers and customers. If they want to meet their objective of proving a safe and secure place for people to shop they will have to be very strict on this subject. This means that precise decisions need to be made which are in lines with all guidelines set by the governments of the world.* SecurityIs very important, again if they want to meet their objecti ves they will have to be very strict and precise on security matters. This may involve making decisions base on laws and keeping information form other employees lower down the hierarchy.Erik Kirk and his associates like to have a team of workers who are loyal and work hard. He also likes to make them feel part of something, a team. He has an open door attitude when it comes to this. He likes to feel that if there is a problem it can be sorted. No matter how small the problem is he feels that he can help providing answers and privacy.On paper the structure appears hierarchical but it does have elements of a flat structure.Overall the culture is* Philanthropist in attitude* Good work ethics* Relaxed* Productive* Efficient* Good and open communication channels* Clear objectives* Safe and secure working environmentE6 The use of ICT in communicationsCastle Mall management would be severally stricken without ICT. The main use of ICT is communication. There are many areas of communicati on featuring ICT, these are* E-mailInternalExternal* Web site* demoralize System (2 way communication)* Reports* Telephone (external + between departments)* CCTV + Mini camerasE-mailCastle Mall Management uses E-mail to communicate between department, level and centre. E-mail is a very good way of communication as it is virtually instant. Also you can send designs, graphics and programs as attachment files. This is very helpful as it saves in paper costs and also cannot be lost as with paper. Castle Mall Management uses E-mail to communicate with each other no-matter where they are in the building or country. For example a admin worker could e-mail his supervisor to alert them of a problem or just to book holiday. Another example is Erik Kirk the main centre manager E-mailing another manager of another centre alerting them of a security problem.Web siteCastle Mall Management help run the castle-mall.co.uk web site. Some Castle Mall Management staff has been trained to update and re design the web site. The web site can be used to make customers aware of events and new promotions. It can also give customers information about what shops are in the mall and what services are available.Alarm systemsThe alarm system in the mall has a communication system built in so if there is an emergency most people in the mall can contact each other through the alarm system to find out whats happening. It can also pinpoint where a person is so if they are in danger then they can quickly be located and helped.ReportsReports are written by all sections of management so that other people in other positions know what is happening, why and when. They are written about special events to inform people what is happening and how successful something was. Also reports are written once a week, month and a major one written each year. These reports are read by managers and then sent to Friends Provident or FisPam. To let them know how they are getting on. If there is a problem with the rep orts then friends provident will try and suggest ways to rectify it.

Breach of Contract Case Study

Breach of Contract Case StudyJIGAR NAROLA Contract breach is a breach when two parties or case-by-cases atomic number 18 authorise to certain condition on working together and one of the ships company escapes them or does non abide to the condition. In a specialize breach the free party can file a drive against the suspect. There ar a lot of suit where there is a breach of contract, such cases are first handled by the hang back court and later can be fought in the court of appeal if either of the parties are non satisfied with the ends of the trail court and then if may as well go further to a higher court.The U.S. court system isAn example of a case of breach of contract is the case of jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest Partners, No. 14-1625, 2015 Iowa App. LEXIS 654 (July 22, 2015)Jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest PartnersIn this case Jerry hardware, complainant, enter and signed a lease harmony were HillcrestPartners agreed to lease a commercial space that they were supply to build. Hillcrest partners agreed to build the commercial space according to Jerrys hardwares requirements. Jerrys hardware informed Hillcrest that they were buying inventor, fixtures and electronic for the store at the rate of $100,000.Hillcrest partners neve started the construction as they were not able to acquire the required finance. The attorney of Jerrys hardware sent two letter to the defendant requesting information and explanation regarding the delay and stating that they were not interesting in terminating the contract. The second letter included the items and the loss which the plaintiff has incurred due to the failure of the defendant. Hillcrest partners did not answer any of the letters and they were also not interested in terminating the lease.To reduce the amount of loss, the plaintiff leased another complex for its store. The new location was less visiblw and it required a large amount of renovation and upgrades. It also required an upgrade in t he electrical system and the paint system. The plaintiff later found that the equipment he purchased in 2010 were not up to the requirement in 2012. Later, in 2013, Jerrys Hardware files a lawsuit against Hillcrest for breach of contract. After a bench trail the court , the court found that the defendant had breached the contract and awarded the plaintiff an amount of $100,444.77 in unexpected disablements, cost of new electrical systems and new paint system and the amount of new equipments.Court of Appeals Decision After the decision in the of the trail court, the defendant registered in the court of appeal. The court of appeal supported the decision of the trail court. The defendant argued that the contract was not enforceable as they were not able to attain finances, which was one of the condition precedent in the contract. The court of appeal stated that the contract was enforceable, the court found that tutelage in mind the other conditions in the contract, nonfulfillment of condition percent only gave the defendant to terminate the contract by giving a written notice to the plaintiff, and as the defendant did not choose the option to terminate the contract, the contract was still valid. But, the court of appeal made a change in the decision that the defendant was not liable to pay for the plaintiffs damage of the property which was in the storage because it was the plaintiffs responsibility to store in a storage whereConclusion of the caseThe case was a twist as condition precedent were not the condition precedent at all, in fact they were overruled due to other conditions in the contract. The zone court did not abuse its discretion in its determinations on Hillcrests multiple motions to continue the trial. The court properly determined the lease symmetry was enforceable amidst the parties.When an individual or a business is involved in a breach in contract it is liable to and entitled to provide remedy to the the non-breaching individual or busine ss. There are different types of remediesDamages- This is the most general remedy for a breach of contract. The breaching party has to pay the sum of loss amount of the damage incurred by the non-breaching party due to their conduct. There are many kinds of damages.Compensatory damages, is when the non-breaching party is kept in a position same as if the breach had not been occurred.Punitive damage, are the damage that the breaching party must pay to the non-breaching party in wide. This remedy is used when the breach is done in wrong full manner.Nominal damage, is the remedy in which the breach party has to pay a nominal amount and no actual loss is made by the non-breaching party.Liquidated damages, are the damages that were identified by the parties in their contract.Specific performance-This remedy is used when damages are not adequate to as a remedy. In proper(postnominal) performance, the breaching party is order to fulfill their duty as mentioned in the contract. This reme dy is used when the issue of money does not matter in the contract such as contract for selling a property and later the seller refuses, the court can order the seller and compel him to sell the house as per the contract.Cancellation and restitution-Restitution as a remedy mean that the non-breaching party is put back in a positon that it was in prior to the contract and cancellation means that two the parties are free for the obligations of the contract.In the case of Jerrys Hardware, L.L.C. v. Hillcrest Partners the remdy that was used was the remedy of damages. There a few things that the defendant must have considered to avoid a lawsuit for breach of contract, Hillcrest should have not signed a contract until and unless they were not sure of their finance. Signing a contract without their finance increased their risk of breaching it and second they should have replies to the letters that were send to them by jerrs attorney.ReferencesTwo Iowa Breach of Contract Cases, Two Judgme nts for Plaintiffs Center for Agricultural Law and Taxation. (2015, July 23). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from https//www.calt.iastate.edu/article/two-iowa-breach-contract-cases-two-judgments-plaintiffsJERRYS HARDWARE, L.L.C., Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, vs. HILLCREST PARTNERS, a usual partnership, CHARLES A. RUHL JR., and STEVEN FRY, Defendant-Appellants/Cross-Appellees. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http//law.justia.com/cases/iowa/court-of-appeals/2015/14-1625.htmlBreach of Contract and Lawsuits. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http//smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-contracts-forms/breach-of-contract-and-lawsuits.htmlBreach of Contract Case StudyBreach of Contract Case StudyMOHANA DIGHEISSUE-Washington (January 6, 2016, 414 PM EST) A driver for Uber hit the ride- off-keyering presidential term to a claim a breach of contract in calcium government court, affirming in a proposed category activity that Uber neglected to pay drivers the winter advancement as per its reported tenets in the advertisement.Kimberly Berger claims that Uber did not pay California drivers the full rates they were guaranteed on a lower floor the organizations Winter Warmup advancement, which ensured least rates to taking an interest drivers who met an arrangement of conditions.As indicated by the grumbling, the advancement ensured drivers least hourly rates for specific periods on the off chance that they acknowledged no less than 90 percent of excursions, arrived at the midpoint of no less than one trek a hour and were online for no less than 50 minutes of consistently worked.The base hour rates extended from $16 every hour to $26 every hour, in take in of the day and age, as indicated by the grievance. The most astounding hour rates secured Friday and Saturday evenings.The suit claims Berger, and different drivers in the proposed class, met the states of the Winter Warmup advancement however were not remunerative the guaranteed rates.In particular, the suit claims, Uber paid the expenses as a normal gross hourly rate rather than a base rate for every hour.The organization likewise subtracted expenses from the promoted rates, the suit claims.Therefore, the genuine hourly rates for pinnacle, normal, and nonpeak hours, were $20, $12, and $10 every hour, and not the $26, $20, and $16 every hour promoted, the suit affirms.Berger claims the instalment hones broke Ubers understanding with its drivers and furtherto a greater extent constituted unjustifiable business hones under California state law.Berger is looking for unspecified harms for the benefit of herself and the proposed class, lawyers charges and an assertion that Ubers instalment rehearses for the advancement abuse California state law.She requested that the judge confirm a class of Uber drivers in California that took part in the advancement. The suit did not determine how vast Berger expects the class will be.The organization asserts its drivers are self employed entities, not workers, which a class of drivers have debated in a different claim. Uber approached a month ago for a stay in that claim while the organization requests the courts current deciding that its 2014 and 2015 discretion understandings are unenforceable.Uber did not instantly react to a posit for input (Uber Driver Says Co. Breached Promotion Contract Law360).Use of Agreement Law- (a) APPLICABLE BREACH OR VIOLATIONThis segment applies if there should be an occurrence of check up on or infraction of a portrayal or stipulation incorporated into an obligation under area 6502 of this title.(b)LIQUIDATED DAMAGESnotwithstanding harms for some other break of the agreement, the gathering in charge of a rupture or infringement depicted in branch (an) is obligated to the National Government for the accompanying interchange harms(1) A sum equivalent to the total of $10 every day for every person under 16 years old and each absorbed individual intentionally utilized in the execution of the agreement.(2) A sum equivalent to the entirety of every underpayment of wages due a representative industrious with the execution of the agreement, including any underpayments emerging from derivations, discounts, or discounts.(c)CANCELLATION AND ALTERNATIVE COMPLETIONNotwithstanding the Central Government being qualified for harms depicted in subsection (b), the patch of the Unified States that made the agreement may scratch off the agreement and make open-showcase buys or make different contracts for the culmination of the first contract, charging any especial(a) cost to the first temporary worker.(d) RECOVERY OF AMOUNTS DUE.- A sum due the Central Government on account of a break or infringement depicted in subsection (a) might be withheld from any sums owed the contractual worker under any agreement under area 6502 of this title or might be recuperated in a suit brought by the Lawyer General.(e)EMPLOYEE REMBURISMENT FOR UNDERPAYMENT OF WAGES.- A sum withheld or recuperat ed under subsection (d) that depends on an underpayment of wages as depicted in subsection (b)(2) should be held in an uncommon store account. On request of the Secretary, the sum might be paid straightforwardly to the recognise up short on worker on whose record the sum was withheld or recuperated. Be that as it may, a representatives claim for installment under this subsection might be engaged just if made inside one year from the date of genuine notice to the temporary worker of the withholding or recuperation.REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT-Equitable RemediesEquitable Remedies are those that are forced when cash harms would not enough cure the non-breaking party. The accompanying sorts of fair cures might be reachable in the given caseParticular Execution Particular execution is a request by the court that requires the breaking gathering to do the agreement as it was initially composed. This kind of cure is uncommon. In any case, it might be requested in specific conditions. F or instance, particular execution might be forced when the upshot is one of a kind, for example, an acclaimed painting or a particular bit of property. Courts are reluctant to request particular execution since it requires the progressing notice by the court of the agreement.Rescission Rescission of the agreement is a cure that permits the non-breaking gathering to wipe out his or her duties under the agreement. This cure may be accessible when the agreement depended on misrepresentation or an error by either of the gatherings. It is additionally accessible if twain sides like to scratch off the agreement and give back any cash that had been progressed as a feature of the agreement.Reorganization Reorganization permits two gatherings to change an agreement so that it all the more precisely reflects what the gatherings plan. This cure requires that the agreement be substantial. It might be accessible when one of the gatherings had a mixed up comprehension about a strong term of t he agreement.Legitimate Cures Legitimate cures regularly appear as money related harms that are granted to help make the blameless party entirety. A few cases of legitimate cures are examined underneath.Compensatory Harms Compensatory harms are those that are intended to remunerate the non-breaking party for the rupture. These incorporate desire harms and considerable harms. Desire harms are those that give the non-rupturing party the money related assets that he or she would have gotten had the agreement been performed. These harms are usually in view of the agreement itself or the honest estimation of the topic of the agreement.For instance, compensatory harms might be the sum vital for the non-breaking gathering to buy a substitute item that is proportional to the one contracted for. In the event that the agreement was for an offer of merchandise, compensatory harms are generally the contrast between the agreement cost and the market estimation of the products.These harms likewi se comprise of the costs important to make the non-rupturing party entire after the break, for example, promoting costs to publicize the items that the breaking party neglected to pay for. Be that as it may, the non-rupturing party by and large has an obligation to quiet his or her misfortunes.Significant harms are those harms that repay the guiltless party for backhanded costs that came about because of the break. They regularly result from uncommon conditions that are included in the agreement that may not be normally unsurprising. For instance, a honest gathering may approach to be repaid for the loss of business benefits that got from not having access code to the fundamental materials to create an item for an outsider.All together for the honest party to get these harms, he or she should demonstrate that this misfortune was sensibly predictable to both sides when they composed the agreement and the misfortune was an immediate consequence of the break.Liquidation Harms In a fe w contracts, particular harms are pre-decided. These harms are called exchanged harms. They are normally some portion of agreements where it is hard to decide the real sum that a gathering was harmed because of a break, for example, a rupture of an agreement not to contend. helpful Harms Reformatory harms are intended to rebuff a blameworthy gathering keeping in mind the end oddment to keep that gathering or others from taking part in comparative direct later on. Be that as it may, corrective harms more often than not require a more grounded goal than is essential in standard rupture of agreement cases. For instance, to be granted reformatory harms, an offended party may host to demonstrate that the rupturing gathering acted in a noxious or fake matter. A few states particularly restrict offended parties from recuperating correctional harms on break of agreement cases.Lawyer Expenses and Expenses The common party in a break of agreement case might have the capacity to gather lawye r charges and costs that he or she caused keeping in mind the end goal to realize lawful activity. A few states just permit these harms on the off chance that they are particularly accommodated in the agreement (hg.org).

Data Protection Act 1998

learning testimonial bring 1998AbstractThe focus of this subject field is to explain the requirements imposes of Data tax shelter Act 1998. The 1998 act affects to all people who uses averation or selective information well-nigh other individual(a)s Business. The DPA 1998 covers from the initial collection of selective information through its final deletion or destruction. The master(prenominal) term used in the IT industry is Data impact which is extremely wide and it can be either usage of info, alteration of selective information, retrieval, entropy transmission or destruction of selective information.IntroductionThe Data fortress Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament 1 which came into force early in 1999 and replaced the Data trade protection Act 1984. The Act defines law on the process info of living people. It is one of the main laws of legislation that governs the protection of feature(prenominal) data. Under this act, those who manage or use in dividualised information produce to follow rules or principles that argon defined in the DPA. It also provides rights to individuals over their personalized information. Some of the individual rights under DPA include access, compensation and the prevention of process.The basic principle of DPA is protecting privacy and a dash in which each individual can control information about them. overly it defines a way in which organisations should carry their trade strategy, through either communication media. Most of the act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping personal address book. Well, if allone suitcases personal data for other suggest he should follow this Act. The DPA also realises that the data controller or the computer bureau imparting be liable for process operation against the DPA Principles.The HistoryThe Data egis Act 1984 was introduced in UK legislation to provide special protection to individuals. The Act was adopted by the European Parliament a fter a lengthy sermon sessions. They adopted a proposal for a directive on the processing of personal data and on the point of such data. Certain protections where attached in scenario where the personal information relating to them was handled, such as large business organisations and in emerging information technology. Data given from one troupe to another donationy whitethorn only be used for the specific role it was disclosed for. The data should be only kept for a limited period of cartridge clip and must not be disclosed to other party without the authorisation of data owner. The term Processing and own(prenominal) data had a great fix in transformation during the DPA 1984. The Personal data covers both the data in electronic and manual form. And the term Processing became wide in such a way that nothing could be carried out in relation to personal data under this definition.The Data vindication Registrar was the regulatory business office who oversees the implement ation and functionality of the act. Later it was followed up by the Data Protection Act 1998, which is an implementation of European Union straightawayive 95/46/EC. In DPA 1998 it renamed the Data Protection Registrar to Data Protection Commissioner. The functionality of Data Protection Commissioner is to ensure the compliance by publics by taking the necessity steps. The current education Commissioner is Richard Thomas, he has the authority to inform parliament directly. The other function of commissioner is to provide guidance, promote good practice which falls under the Act. It also provides helpline services by phone or written request. The commissioner also acts like a legalise adviser to the data controllers and has developed issued many documents for the data controller for implementing and interpretation of their duties.Some of the documents include write in code of Practice for CCTV usersCode of Practice on Employment Practices, which include codes on Recruitment and S election Records Management Monitoring at Work and Medical Information about the employees.Code of Practice on Telecommunications Directory Information and Fair Processing.The Principles of DPA 1998The DPA 1998 contains eight data protection principles in relation to the processing of personal data. They arPersonal data should be processed fairly and lawfully.Personal data should only be obtained for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and it should not be further processed in any manner incompatible with these purposes.Personal data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they were compile or processed.Personal data should be accurate and where necessary kept up to date.Personal data should not be kept longer than is needful for its intended purpose.Personal data should be processed in accordance with the rights of the individual which the information concerns.Appropriate technical measures should be pass watern against unauth orised or unlawful processing or destruction of personal data and against accidental loss or destructionor damage to personal data.Personal data should not be transferred outside the European Economic Area unless that nation ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data.The First Data Protection PrincipleThe first data protection principle says thatPersonal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless At least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, andIn the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.In the first principle, by fairly and lawfully it means that any processing of personal data must be allowed by common law. Fair processing states that any all the processing must be fair without any misleading. The processing should be carried out without any deception. The important point of view of the first principle is obtaining and disclosing personal data, which covers the whole life cycle of personal data used by the data controller. The data controller should set out legitimate reasons for collecting and processing the personal data and should not use the data in such a way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned.The virtueful processing also defines that the data subjects should be provided with information during the time of collecting the data, on wherefore and how their data are being processed. This information is provided in the Fair Processing Notice. The notice should include the basic information given belowThe identity of the data controller who process the personal data.The purposes for which the personal data are intended to be processed.To whom the personal data may be disclosed to, for example, a politics department or agency.And any further information regarding the processing, to ensure the subject, that the data controller d oes not do anything unlawful with the data.Conditions to be Satisfied for Fair ProcessingIn addition to the Fair Processing Notice, there are some more conditions that should be met. The conditions are listed in Schedule 2 of the Act. There are six conditions for processing personal data in Schedule 2 the personal data should not be processed unless one of the conditions is met.Schedule 2 conditionsThe data subject has given his consent for processing.If it is for playacting or entering a contract with the data subject.The data controller is under a legal obligation, other than under contractFor the purpose of protecting the vital interest of the data subject.It is for the administration of justice, exercising functions under an enactment, exercising of government functions, or the lesson of any other functions of a public nature in the public interestIt is for the pursuit of the legitimate interests of the data controller.In the case of sensitive personal data, one of the condit ions in Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 must also be met for Fair Processing.Schedule 3 Conditionsexplicit consent has been given by the data subjectit is for the exercise of rights or obligations in connection with employmentit is to protect the vital interests of the data subject or anyone elseit is part of the legitimate activity of a not for profit organisationthe personal data have already been made public by the data subjectit forms part of legal proceedings, including obtaining legal advice, and exercising or defending legal rightsit is for the administration of justice, or exercising functions under an enactment, or exercising of government functionsit is for medical examination purposesit is for the purpose of monitoring equality of opportunityThe Second Data Protection PrincipleThe Second Principle Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes, explains the requirement for specifying the purpose for which it obtains the personal data. It also means that, the organisation who obtains the personal data should clearly specify the reason to the ICO, why they are collecting and what they intend to do with the personal data. The organisation should also notify the process to the Information Commissioner.The data controller can circulate privacy notices regarding the process to ask it more effective. Privacy notices are generally given at the time of collecting personal data. Data controller should also need to get prior consent to use or disclose the personal data for the purpose other than he originally obtained for.The Third Data Protection PrincipleThe third principle of the Data Protection Act states three conditions or requirements to the data controller. The data controller should not obtain any more personal data than they need for the processing nor they should drum out any personal data. The data must be adequate, r elevant and not excessive. Also the data controller is not authorised to process whatever information he likes about the individual.The third principle also states that the data controller should identify the minimum required information on each individual to get together their purpose. Only in certain cases he can hold additional information about certain individuals for the processing. A simple example for this is a operating surgeon before performing a surgery he should know about the patient medical conditions, such as his medical history, his habits (like drinking, smoking etc., information from medical checkups. If the patient has to undergo a major heart operation, the surgeon will also look upon patient family members medical history also. If the parents have asthma, blood pressure, etc.In organisation the same process is taking place in a different manner during the recruitment process. The employees are asked same in prescience question regarding their personal informa tion. The third principle is strongly linked to the first principle. Processing of personal data which is inadequate, irrelevant or excessive is unfair to the data subject. The first principle requires fairness in processing. The excessive information can be something that the organisation keeps for certain conditions, like in a manufacturing factory they will keep the blood group of their entire employee who works in a hazardous environment and this information is needed only in case of accidents. such(prenominal) information are likely to be irrelevant and excessive for the rest of the employees.The Fourth Data Protection PrincipleThe Act says that Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Once the data controller overcomes the first and second principles of DPA, the next main fact to consider is the data quality, in which verity plays the main role. There are two obligations in the fourth principle that should be taken care off.Firstly, the data shou ld be accurate. The data controller should take necessary steps to ensure the accuracy of data in regard to the purpose for which it is collected and further processed. Incomplete information will be faulty if it misleads. Even though if the actual given data happens to be true, there will be a misleading if the two data subjects are identical. In such cases more information will be needed to keep it more accurate for the data controller to identify. If the data controller makes decision on the result of inaccurate processed data, then he will be breaking the first data protection principle which indicates the strong link mingled with accuracy and fairness in data processing.Secondly, the data controller should also see that the personal data are kept up-to-date. This condition depends upon the case where personal data are subjected to repeated use for a long period of time. In such cases data controller has to take more review on personal data. If the data subject notifies the da ta controller that the data is inaccurate, then he should ensure the changes are made to the data to keep it up-to-date.If a data subject suspects that the information held about him is inaccurate, he will have to see the personal data which the data controller holds. The data subject can make an access request under section 7, for accessing a copy of his personal data held by the data controller. If the courtyard is satisfied with the data subject, then the court may tell apart the data controller to rectify, block, erase, or destroy the personal data. If the processing had caused damage to the data subject then the court will order to give compensation.The Fifth Data Protection PrincipleThe Fifth Act says that Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. The data controller should review, for how long the personal data is retained. He shall also retain the data for performing purpose other than the original purpose for which it was obtained. The main element of the fifth principle is to utter the reason for which the personal data is held. If the data controller fails to show a sufficient reason for holding the data then, he should get rid of the data.If the personal data is kept for a long time there is a chance that the information will go out of date causing error. It also becomes difficult to ensure that the information is accurate. Even if the information is no more needed, the data controller should make sure that it is held securely. Reviewing personal data regularly and deleting those no longer needed is a good practice. The data that should be retained must be archived or put offline.The personal data are retained only in certain scenarios depending upon the current and future chain of the information. Major concerned things for retaining data are the cost, liability and risks for retaining the personal information.The Sixth Data Protection PrincipleThe six th DPA principle says that Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act 9. The sixth principle gives rights to the individual in respect of personal data the organisation hold about them. Under this principle certain rights for individual are mentioned they areAccess to personal data. blocking process likely to cause damage or distress.Prevent direct marketing.Automated decision making.Correcting inaccurate personal data.Compensation.Access to personal data is commonly referred to as subject access. It is created by section 7 of the DPA. This is for the most part used by data subjects who want to see the copy of personal data which the organisation holds about them. The data subjects are entitled only to their own data. By giving a written request an individual is entitled to know whether any personal data is being processed. The organisation should also inform him the reasons it is being processed and whether it will be given to an y other organisation.The second right says that the data subject can demand the organisation to cave in the processing if it causes damage or distress to the data subject. The individual can write an objection stating the damage or distress faced by them to the data controller. This is called Objection to processing. The objection should clearly specify the effect of processing.For example, consider the scenario where a person is refused a job in an manufacturing company because the company came to know from a third party that the man is unsuitable for job because he was one among the trade union activists. The third party will be having a shitlist containing names of people who are unsuitable to be employed in a manufacturing company. The suffering person can write to the data controller who maintains the blacklist and ask him to remove his name from the list. He can show that he is suffering damage and distress because of this processing. In this case the data controller should blockade processing the persons information and respond to his mail within 21 days.The data subjects also have the right to prevent their data being processed for Direct Marketing. They can give an objection to processing to halt the usage of their data for direct marketing. Direct marketing includes junk mails that are not addressed to a particular person but to the occupier. For example, mails posted through every letter box in a street, like leaflets, shop advertisements, etc. The direct marketing does not just refer to selling items to customers but also includes promotions and campaigns. The data subject may ask the organisation to delete these details from database. But it is preferent to suppress the personal data. Suppressing involves just retaining only enough information about the customers. It also ensures that the organisation not sends marketing to people who have asked not to and helps retaining individual information in the database.Data subjects also have the right to inform the data controller, not to make automated decision using their personal data and can ask to reconsider the decision taken by automated means. The data controller should inform the data subject when such a military position is taken. These types of decision are taken without any human intervention. For example, consider a person who transfers his cash from one account to other and the transfer gets declined automatically. This might have happened because the individuals information did not match the pre-defined criteria in the automated system. He may undertake manual process to do the transfer.According to the fourth principle the data should be accurate. If the data is inaccurate, the data subject has the right to apply the court for releasing an order to block, rectify, erase or destroy the inaccurate information. The court may investigate whether this statement is true or not. If the individual has suffered from damage or distress then he will be awarded compensation .The Seventh Data Protection PrincipleThe seventh DPA ensures the security of personal data undergoing process. The principle says that Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. This principle is often called security principle. The data controller should take square-toed care of data which he holds not accidentally or deliberately compromise. He should also need to design and organise the security to fit to the process. Also make sure about the person in his organisation that is responsible for the data information security. The data controller should adopt appropriate measures againstUnauthorised processing of personal data.Unlawful processing of personal data.Accidental destruction, damage or loss to personal data.Technical measures/security includes the use of passwords and other authentication techniques, encoding and anti-virus software to detect malwares. . He should also ensure to keep up to date with the development of security technologies, make sure that well trained and accepted staffs with robust physical and technical security are used. As a part of notification process the data controller should describe the Information Commissioner about the security arrangements made in the organisation to keep the personal data.The Eight Data Protection PrincipleThe eighth DPA says that Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the EEA unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The data controller requires informing individuals about the disclosure of their personal data to other overseas parties. Before making the data transfer to a third party, the data controller should consider whether he can achieve his aims without processing the original dat a and there should be some substantive processing conducted on the personal data in the third country. The condition will not apply in the case where it is not possible to identify individuals from the information. In this type of cases the data controller are free to transfer the information outside the EEA.A transfer is said to have occurred when the personal data is send to other country. If the data controller puts the personal data on a website will often results in data transfer to other countries outside the EEA. The transfer occurs when someone outside the EEA access the website. The data controller should also consider the fact that a transfer occurs while putting personal data on websites and sees whether it is fair for the concerned data subject. Currently, there are no restrictions on personal data transfer to EEA countries. They are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, L atvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.The European Commission will also undergo a case to case assessment of the level of protection affordable by the third country. All the circumstances surrounding the data transfer are assessed. In addition to this consideration must be also given toThe nature of personal data.How long will the proposed process last.The country of origin of personal data and the destination to which it will be transferred.The security measures and professional rules in the destination country.Certain countries have been considered for having adequate protection by the European Commission. They are Argentina, Canada, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Switzerland, and Jersey.ConclusionI hope this report would have given a brief idea about the Data Protection Act 1998. This report also mentions the different principles concerned with DPA, the way that a data controller should follow for lawful and fairness proce ssing. Proper care should be taken while handling personal data, still cyber threats are done by accruing the mobile numbers of individuals and pinpointing them by identifying the co-ordinates of the SIM location. So the firms or organisation should ensure that they pay more attention to DPA for the safety and privacy of people.AnnotationsDPA Data Protection Act 1998ICO Information Commissioners OfficeEEA European Economic AreaSIM Subscriber appointment Module CardReferencesStewart Room, 2007, Data Protection Compliance in Context, Published by CAPDM.City Of London, Data Protection Act, Available at http//www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Council_and_democracy/Data_protection_and_freedom_of_information/Data_protection_act.htm Accessed on Jan 10,2010Wikipedia, Data Protection Act 1998, Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998 Accessed on Jan15,2010Piers Leigh-Pollitt James Mullock, 1999, The Data Protection Act Explained, Second Edition 2000,Publlished by Osborne Clarke.Lancaster University Data Protection Project, 2001, the Data Protection Principle. Available at http//www.dpa.lancs.ac.uk/principles.htm Accessed on Jan16, 2010.ICO, Processing personal data for specified purposes (Principle 2), Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_2_processing_personal_data_for_specified_purposes.aspx Accessed on Jan 24,2010ICO, Keeping personal data accurate and up to date (Principle 4)Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/keeping_personal_information_accurate_and_up_to_date.aspx . Accessed on Jan 24,2010ICO, Retaining personal data (Principle 5).Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/retaining_personal_data.aspx . Accessed on Jan 24,2010ICO, The rights of individuals (Principle 6).)Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations /data_protection_guide/principle_6_the_rights_of_individuals.aspx . Accessed on Jan 26,2010ICO, Information security (Principle 7).Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_7_information_security.aspx . Accessed on Jan 26,2010ICO, Sending personal data outside the European Economic Area (Principle 8).Available at http//www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_8_sending_personal_data_outside_the_eea.aspx . Accessed on Jan 26,2010Peter Carey,2004, Data Protection Handbook, Published by Law Society.

Effect of Organisational Culture on Customer Satisfaction

Effect of Organisational market-gardening on Customer SatisfactionResearches by some academics shake off made it known that a companys finishing is closely linked to its impressionivity and efficiency (Kotter Heskett, 1992). In addition, according to (Morgeson, Krishnan, 2006) node happiness is an increasingly significant factor of an stiff organization in todays competitive business facilityting. Prospects arising from increase in globalization by companies, advancement in technology, and outsourcing have meant that companies ar increasingly turning their attention to laying greater strain on guest divine service across national borders in order to reduce costs, temporary hookup at the same time trying to increase customer user-friendliness through day-to-day activities of the firm.ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE(Shein 1996), defined socialisation as a pattern of radical assumptions that a group has invented, discovered or developed in learning to cope with its problems of e xternal adaptation and indispensable integration, and that have worked closely enough to be considered valid, and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.Other shargond definitions by learned scholars refer to nerveal elaboration as pattern of shared values and beliefs that help soulfulnesss understand organizational functioning and thus provide them with the norms for behavior in the organization(Deshpande and Webster 1989), a set of cognitions shared by members of a social unit (OReilly et al., 1991). According to (Laurie 2008), organisational culture is a combination of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and bearing that establishes a general framework for e rattlingthing done in an organisation. It can in addition refer to the form of beliefs, values, and ways of managing experience that have developed during the course of the organisations history, and becomes noticeable in its material arra ngements and the behaviour of its members. (Brown 1998). (Gupta 2009), in his write up, opined that organisational culture is a set of unwritten rules meant to guide the employees towards an standardardised and rewarding behaviour.TYPES AND MODELS OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTUREIn order to appreciate the incorporation of organisational culture, it is very important to examine and search for different models to repair the understanding of the concept of organizational culture.I. Scheins Three Layer Organizational ModelThese three layers as explained by (Shein 1996) below are stages of organisational culture that should be categorised carefully with the purpose of avoiding any theoretical misperception.Artefacts and Creations the Artefact and Creation layer is the observable stage of corporate culture, it includes the social environment. Usually researchers study the artistic productions, technical output, physical space in the artefacts and Creations stage.Values usually values symboli ze the significant things for individuals, they are affective wants or wants and conscious. The existence of values is very important for the organization in order to function competently and share ideals among staff.Basic Assumptions a specific group of individuals study how to manage and handle the difficulties of internal integration and external adaptation through developing and discovering the assumptions.II. Denisons Effectiveness and Culture ModelThe enduringness and culture model for (Denison 1990) represents the relationship between management, corporate culture, utileness and finally the performance of the organization. This model is equipped to stress the important association in management practices with the beliefs and principles when examining the effectiveness and culture of the organization and its performance.Involvement this feature includes constructing the individual ability, responsibility, duty and ownership. Corporate culture is described as highly involv ed strongly support participation and generate a sense of responsibility.Adaptability the adaptability feature room translating the environmental business demands into action.Consistency is the vital source of power, course, formation and integration.Mission -is the broad-term trend for the corporation.According to (Laurie 2008) organisational culture can be grouped into quartet main classes namely power culture, role culture, task culture, and person culture.Power Culture- entirely dependent on central power source and control is excercised by key individuals. Role Culture this type of culture is characretised by bureacracy and is based on rationalisation of all aspects of the organisation with role and job description more(prenominal) important than the individual. Emphasis is laid on position as the main source of power. Task Culture job or project point. Person Culture here, the individual is the central focus and every resource available is there to serve the individu als within it. (Laurie 2008). The type of culture inherent in an organisation whitethorn be decisive for organisations ability to serve its customers effectively. For example, organisations with a culture with respect for the interest of people value their members by displaying concern for their well-being, growth, and development and lay emphasis on the need for cooperation. Such a culture is more effective than one that emphasizes power, control.(Gupta 2009) went further by suggest the existence of two levels in organisational culture The visible aspect of the organization which he said is reflected in artifacts, symbols and visible behavior of employees, and the hidden aspect which is related to fundamental values and assumptions that employees make regarding the gratifying and unacceptable behaviors in the organisation. Organisational culture in its entirety consists of traditions, values, norms and physical signs (artefacts) of organisation members and their activities. Practi cally speaking, the members of an organisation will level offtually come to understand the particular culture of their organisation. Then, although the culture is one of those factors that are difficult to express definitely, nevertheless everyone knows it when they sense it. Hidden rules and assumptions become an organisational culture as these rules are implemented over time. A strong culture shapes the behaviour pattern members of the organisation in the absence of policies, procedures or advice from supervisors and managers.CUSTOMER SATISFACTIONSatisfaction is a general customer attitude by a consumer towards a service provider and an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive in terms of service and or product. When customers are satisfied, they are more likely to return, while dissatisfied customers are more likely to go elsewhere (Levesque and McDougall, 1996, Zineldin, 2000). Customer satisfaction is an important component of a successful and thriving organization and can be directly associated to increased profit margins and greater employee satisfaction, customer retention, and repeat purchases to organisations that consider customer satisfaction a key factor in its marketing strategy. An organizations social setting-whether it is called culture or modality-is an important driver of customer satisfaction. As stated by, (Ferris et al., 1998) organizational climate can facilitate a positive relationship between human resource practices and customer satisfaction, supporting a social context model for predicting customer satisfaction. Against this background, this paper films to explore the way organisational culture affects customer satisfaction in the automobile industry setting, based on the general perceptions of front-line employees. However, according to Darby et al.s (1997) the customer service positioning show a positive relationship with different procedures of measuring customer satisfactio n, and consequently it is assumed in this paper that the degree to which front-line employees are oriented towards customer satisfaction is an revealing measure of customer satisfaction.(Schneider et al., 1998) reiterated that there are different dimensions to employees understanding of the appropriate form of organisational culture, based on whether they are managers or not. Such differences in perception are linked to their different positions within the organisation. In addition, since the front-line employees (managers) deal with more pressure, managerial demands, and are responsible for their subordinates, they will be more likely able to understand the possible effects of organisational culture on customers. search AIMS AND OBJECTIVESAfter a critical analysis of the research, the following aims and objectives establish for this research areTo analyse the effect of organisational culture on the effectiveness of the organisation.To study the organisational culture of Ford Motor s.To understand the relationship between Ford Motors organisational culture and customer satisfaction.RESEARCH QUESTIONSDoes organisational culture have any effect on customer satisfaction?What sort of corporate culture does Ford Motors possess?What is the effect of Ford Motors organisational culture on customer satisfaction?LITERATURE REVIEWA number of academic researchers have studied various elements of organizational culture and customers satisfaction. However, only a few experimental studies have studied the link between the characteristics of an organizations work environment (organisational culture) and this important aspect of organizational effectiveness (customer satisfaction) e.g., Conrad, Brown, Harmon, 1997. or so of the studies that have observed this impact have focused on the relationship between service-oriented climates and customer satisfaction. These studies, while making a very important contribution, have lean towards emphasising on the impact of a climate fo r service or service climate on customer satisfaction. In doing so, they may run the riskiness of neglecting some general organizational characteristics that can affect a wider range of organizational outcomes.Starkey and Woodcock (2002) opined that organizations that are less customer oriented are more likely to perform poorly in terms of sales output as against those that are customer oriented. To survive in the highly competitive automobile markets, organisations need to provide products and go that will produce highly satisfied and loyal customers (Westbrook and Oliver, 1991). According to (Asif and Sargeant, 2000), several benefits accrue to the organisation via customer loyalty such as generation of profit, costs related to promotions, advertising, start-up costs are limited. More so, chances of increase in customers will be high, as satisfied customers will recommend the organisations products and services to others. As a result, customer satisfaction can be the key factor to the growth of the business, in term of market share and profit. A everyday supposition about the role of organizational culture as it relates to customer satisfaction is that if an organization possesses a strong culture by demonstrating that it has a well-integrated and effective set of defined values, beliefs, and behaviors, then it will achieve a higher level of efficiency.Curry and Kkolou (2004) identify customer focus, participation, and teamwork as important cultural issues influencing customer relations outcomes. They suggested that empowering employees to excel at customer service and ensuring their job security also contribute to customer relation success. According to (Deshpand 1999), investigation into market druthers suggests that the existence of an innovative and entrepreneurial culture is strongly associated with exceptional business performance. Collectively, these reports suggest that an organizational culture that puts more importance on customer-oriented beha viours, cross-functional teams, performance-based rewards, adjustment and oxidizable attitudes to change, and a higher degree of risk taking and improvement, is likely to contribute to have successful customer relations management system implementations.Every organisation has to face the task of ascertaining the critical factors in their organisational culture that will ensure customer satisfaction and loyalty (McDougall and Levesque, 1992). For all these reasons, customers perception of the service experience is oftentimes the only way accurately to estimate quality level of services and product provided. Within galore(postnominal) organizations, identifying these issues may be easy or multiform depending on the type of culture involved. In either role, the development of a fitting solution is difficult and the application and maintenance on a long run complex, time-consuming and costly. However, an effective organizational culture is one of the key components influencing an o rganizations capacity to elicit customer satisfaction and to thrive in the long term.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch methodology is basically the procedures and processes of collecting and analysing data. There are two types of research methodology positivist and interpretive. In this study, we would use positivist burn up in order to collect and analyse data. According to Comte (1971), researchers that demonstrate the use of real life, data is known as positivist approach. Conversely, when researchers have a set of assumption about the outcome of the research, it is known to use interpretive approach (Malhotra 2003). As mentioned in the objectives, we aim to find the effect of organisational culture on the effectiveness of the organization and to do so, we would have to use factual data from Ford motors, and therefore, positivist approach will be used in this study.Research schemeAccording to Brymen and Bell (2007135), a researcher can follow five research strategies in conducting his research. They are 1) longitudinal 2) experimental 3) cross sectional 4) case study and 5) comparative. For this study, case study approach will be used in order to accomplish the research objective. This is because the effect of organisational culture would be analysed in this research in order to figure out its effect on the customer relations of the company.Research ApproachA set of methods researchers use in order to achieve the concluding remark on the research objective of the subject matter is known as research approach. According to Saunders (2003), there are two types of research approaches available to conduct a research and they are Inductive and deductive approach Deductive approach is mostly used when researchers require to find a causal relationship between the variables while inductive approach is a widely used method for qualitative researches. Since the primary aim of this research is to find out the effect of organisational culture on customer satisfaction, t he researcher will employ inductive approach for the research.RESEARCH METHOD diametrical types of primary and secondary sources would be used in order to collect data regarding organizational culture and customer satisfaction.Primary Data is the vital data gathered by researchers via interviews, surveys or questionnaires (Anderson 2005). In this report, interviews and questionnaire will be used to provide the study a better understanding of corporate culture and the monetary performance from all level of employees. The source that will be used in primary data is a survey and separate interview sessions with managers, executives and even temporary employees in Ford Motors.Secondary Data Secondary data will be collected through researchers who are conducting the research. This data will be sourced from many departments and the web site in Zain Company, along with published and academic journals, articles, books, online resources and many other data from previous authors.Interviews I nterview is one of the most effective ways of conducting qualitative research. In this study, interviewing method will acquire a clear knowledge about the organisational culture of Ford Motors. There are many types of interviews such as structured, semi structured, focused group, in depth and so on. In this study, semi structured interview will be used since it is well known method to clear the doubts and misunderstandings that might arise from the interviews. It should be mentioned here that the primary feature of semi structured interview is flexibility from both interviewees and interviewers side. pass judgment METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND FINDINGSData AnalysesThis study will involve both qualitative and numerical data analysis techniques in order to establish its objectives. A qualitative approach will be used while in order to demonstrate the relationship between organisational culture and overall performance of the company. Conversely, quantitative approach will be adopted to creat e a relationship between organisational culture and customer satisfaction.CONCLUSIONThis research will focus on the organisational culture factors inherent in Ford Motors and the individual effects these factors have on customer satisfaction.

Inductive Knowledge Paradox Essay -- Philosophy Reasoning

In Nelson Goodmans The new riddle of induction, the problem of inducive knowledge is brought into question and a collection of possible final results are presented. The problem of inductive knowledge has been misunderstood into bringing forth a radical political orientation of relativism by philosophers such as Quine and a variety of other red-brick thinkers, so far a possible solution presented by Hempel and a new variant outlined in this paper present a different case all together concerning the acquisition of knowledge. In order to understand the new paradox presented in this paper the argument presented in the original prey paradox has to be made clear. The paradox of the raven stems from the belief that viewed scientific phenomena, in participation to a hypothesis in fact does not necessarily lead to truth but instead simply serves to strengthen the held hypothesis regardless of what facts the register presents. The belief that all ravens are fateful under normal scientific standards is thought as being supported by the evidence of only black ravens being observed, in logic such a statement would be described as their being such a thing that it is a raven and it is black. From this statement a logically equivalent hypothesis can be made, if an object is not black it holds that it is not a raven, this statement unlike the sign hypothesis of all ravens being black however presents problems, all evidence of non-black objects seems to strengthen the prior held belief even though there is virtually no connection between all those possible objects and the raven. The observation of non-black things that are not-ravens strengthening the hypothesis unjustifiably is arguably showing how inductive reasoning is ungrounded in truth, however Hempel ... ...r a possible world, which itself is a problem. The issue of inductive knowledge is still one that remains unsolved, however in the various attempts at a solution the problem has changed from being one of a seemingly impossible actual knowledge to a further examination into a criterion of meaning. Because of the misinterpretation of this paradox there has been a great deal of confusion over the legitimacy of modern science however the paradox itself can be seen as only a matter of philosophy and is more concerned with the solution to a long standing philosophical puzzle then a critique of modern science. Works CitedNelson Goodman, The new riddle of induction knowledge readings in contemporary epistemology, oxford university press 2005. Willard Quine, Two dogmas of empiricism From a logical point of view second edition, Harvard university press 1980.

survival trip :: essays research papers

this paper is what to use on a survival trip. t present argon some things that you could add to it or take absent if you feel neededHey.. I IMed you barely you put your away content on then you got Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got polish off unsloped email me back and range me what you wanted to shed about. I wont be family line all twenty-four hour period Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work SundHey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night to stay my mail posterior spud tot moderate a good weekendLindzay. Ill get on here Sunday night to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindz to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindzoff Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindz-Food-Item will you be at that place? hello hi how are you where are you are you there?1. Water wherefore you would Die without it2. Animal crackers wherefore Energy cookies crackers 3. bullock block noodles wherefore Energy4. vacuous riceWhy Energy5. Choc. Chip CookiesWhy Energy6. Sunflower assuredsWhy Energy-Supplies-1.BatteriesWhy Power2. great mulleinWhy Light to see3. Sleeping bagsWhy Stay warm4. MatchesWhy Light fire5. BandagesWhy Heal ourselves6.AsprinWhy Help wound7. CompassWhy entertain us in the right direction8. PantsWhy Clothing9. ShirtsWhy Clothing10. SocksWhy Clothing11. JacketsWhy Keep warm12. Hiking bootsWhy Keep feet dry13. HatWhy Keep head warm14. PonchoWhy Stay dry15. Anti-bacterial soapWhy stay germ light16. SunscreenWhy Protect skinsurvival trip essays research papers this paper is what to use on a survival trip. there are some things that you could add to it or take away if you feel neededHey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work SundHey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindzay. Ill get on here Sunday night to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weeke ndLindzto check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindzoff Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I wont be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. Ill get on here Sunday night to check my mail Later tater tot Have a good weekendLindz-Food-Item will you be there? hello hi how are you where are you are you there?1. Water Why you would Die without it2. Animal crackersWhy Energy cookies crackers 3. Egg noodles Why Energy4. White riceWhy Energy5. Choc. Chip CookiesWhy Energy6. Sunflower seedsWhy Energy-Supplies-1.BatteriesWhy Power2. FlashlightWhy Light to see3. Sleeping bagsWhy Stay warm4. MatchesWhy Light fire5. BandagesWhy Heal ourselves6.AsprinWhy Help pain7. CompassWhy Keep us in the right direction8. PantsWhy Clothing9. ShirtsWhy Clothing10. SocksWhy Clothing11. JacketsWhy Keep warm12. Hiking bootsWhy Keep feet dry13. HatWhy Keep head warm14. PonchoWhy Stay dry15. Anti-bacterial soapWhy stay germ free16. SunscreenWhy Protect skin